1. Entrepreneurship & Enterprising People Session 2 1. Any questions 2. Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Definitions 3. Social Entrepreneurship 4. Public Entrepreneurship 5. Nature vs Nurture 6. Traits, Behaviours & Characteristics

2. Entrepreneurship & Enterprising People Terms have been appropriated by a variety of field, including politics, sociology, history and economics which have resulted in a varied and nuanced semantic in keeping with its academic location. ‘entrepreneur is often seen as representing the purest form of capitalism, and therefore entrepreneurship has become representative of the practice of the capitalist ethic'. (Peters, 2001) Chell (2007) describes ‘entrepreneurialism’ as a thought process and judgement value on the perceived return on a particular venture. Kirzner, Hayek, Schumpeter : Discovery Process, Creative Destruction Burrell and Morgan(1979) : Functionalist thinker

3. Characteristics, Traits & Behaviors Allan Gibb Durham University

4. Definitions.. Entrepreneur starts an enterprise Entrepreneurship Process of Creation Enterprise outcome of the actor and the act

5. Further definitions..  Entrepreneurship frequently associated with small business creation  Intra-preneurship – Process of creation within an organisation without the creation of an ‘enterprise’

6. Public Entrepreneurship  Public Entrepreneurship – Aim(s) at creating public value  the equivalent of shareholder value in public management  individual employees are free to pursue and propose new ideas about how to improve the working of the organisation, in terms of efficiency or services

7. Public Entrepreneurship  Their livelihood was being threatened, and they were tired of waiting for government help, so business owners and residents on Hawaii's Kauai island pulled together and completed a $4 million repair job to a state park -- for free.

8. Social Entrepreneurship  Social Entrepreneurship- Aim (s) at creating social value  Social value refers to wider non-financial impacts of programmes, organisations and interventions, including the wellbeing of individuals and communities, social capital and the environment. Social policy is one subset of public policy. So all social policy is public policy, but not all public policy is social policy.

9. Entrepreneurship & Enterprising People Social entrepreneurship – Social entrepreneurship is exercised where some person or group: (1) Aims(s) at creating social value, either exclusively or at least in some prominent way; (2) Show a capacity to recognize and take advantage of opportunities to create that value (“envision”); (3) Employ innovation, ranging from outright invention to adapting someone else ‟ s novelty, in creating and/or distributing social value; (4) is/are willing to accept an above average degree of risk in creating and disseminating social value; and, (5) is/are usually resourceful in being relatively undaunted by scarce assets in pursuing their social venture. Peredo and McClean (2006) Postcode Lottery Green Challenge Richard Branson

10. Social Entrepreneurship  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= jk5LI_WcosQ

11. Individual Task  Choose 1 example of a for-profit entrepreneur & 1 Social entrepreneur List 1. How their ventures differed/ similar? 2. Did they envisage or exploit the opportunity? 3. What risk did they assume? 4. Describe how they were resourceful

12. Nature or Nurture?

13.  Opportunity Identification  Schumpeter: entrepreneurs are born rather than made.  Kirznerian literature : discovery learning can be taught.

14. The emergence of Enterprise Education  Enterprise - driving force of post industrial national economic health. Thatcher – Political Touchstone  Education - direct influence on a country’s level of entrepreneurial activity (GEM, 1999).

15. The emergence of Enterprise Education  Utilitarian & Scientific  Emergence from Business Schools – traditionally draws on management techniques Utilitarian approach: Marx & Engels Tied in with philosophy of the time. Positivist/ Scientific approach to learning and teaching. “ Young minds are not vessels to be filled, but fires to be ignited” (Alexander Pope)

16. Approaches to education : Constructivism vs Positivism  Socratic/ Plato view of education Attainment of knowledge Realist view  Aristotelian view “the creation of a sound mind in a sound body” Thales

17. Conflicting Roles of Enterprise Education  Creative vs Functional  Teaching entrepreneurship involves both the art and the science.  Limitations of traditional management- ‘gut instinct’  Creation is inductive requiring leaps of perception

18. Contemporary Education formats  More contemporary formats: 1. ‘Through’ Enterprise 2. ‘For’ Enterprise 3. ‘About’ Enterprise

19. Contemporary Education formats Delivery times, range and training content vary but generally consist of a blend of: technical skills business management skills and personal entrepreneur skills.

20. Creating the entrepreneurial student  Careful goals should be set for knowledge, skills and attribute learning.  Distinctions need to be made between learning “what” and learning “how to” and learning “who with”.  Integrated learning across spectrum of activities  Varied approaches to learning reflecting both theory & practice.

21. Creating the Ideal Environment  Learning by doing- problem solving in real world situation  Explore the wider concepts relating to a problem  Using immediate data  Develop more independence and to think for themselves  Develop emotional responses to dealing with conflict situation  Providing greater opportunity for building up contacts and a network  Learn of timing and location  More role models need in learning in practice  And learn to overcome failure  Gibbs(2007)

22. Engineering the environment Learning environments need to be engineered that allow:  Feelings of being independent and some of the entrepreneurial attributes associated  Opportunity to acquiring understanding, and insight into independent business process  Work experience with the small firm sector  Opportunities to develop networks  Status for entrepreneur in society and successful role images

23. Readings for next week  HETAC Guidelines on Enterprise & Education  Enterprise Culture and Education: Understanding Enterprise Education and Its Links with Small Business, Entrepreneurship and Wider Educational Goals International Small Business Journal April 1993 11: 11-34,

24. Next Session: The Role of Enterprise Education in Socio- Economic Policy development  Irish & EU Policy Frameworks  EU and international Enterprise Education Policy  Enterprise education policy in Primary and Secondary Level in Ireland  Enterprise education practice at Primary Level & Secondary in Ireland