2. Rise of the Ottoman Turks During the late 13 th Century, a new group of Turks under the leadership of Osman began to build power in the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula. The land had been given to them by the Seljuk Turk rulers as a reward for helping defend their lands against the Mongols.

3. Orkhan I The second Ottoman leader was Orkhn I, Osman’s son. He felt powerful enough to declare himself sultan. Military and political head of state Under his rule the Ottoman Empire grew

4. Military Success The Ottomans’ military success was largely based on the use of gunpowder. They replaced most of their archers with musket- carrying foot soldiers. They were among the first to use cannons as weapons of attack Heavily walled cities once thought to be impenetrable were no match for the cannons punching holes through those high walls.

5. Fall of Constantinople Mehmed II took power in 1451. At this time Constantinople still controlled the Bosporus Strait, but its population had shrunk considerably. In their attack the Ottomans used massive cannons with barrels that could launch stone balls weighing up to 1,200 pounds. The Ottomans renamed the city Istanbul, and made it their new capital city.

6. Suleyman the Lawgiver Suleyman was a great military leader and statesman. He was able to extend the empire along the coast of North Africa, thus controlling trade routes into the continent. Suleyman had become the most powerful monarch on earth.

10. The Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire was established by a boy named Isma’il who was only 12 years old when he began his conquest of Persia. Afterwards he took the title Shah and established Shi’a Islam as the state religion. He would soon become a religious tyrant and would put any citizen to death if they would not convert to Shia islam. After much of the Sunni population in the empire was destroyed the Ottoman empire retaliated in kind. The boarder between these two empires remain the same today as the boarder between Iraq and Iran.

11. Shah Abbas the Great Made major changes for the Safavid Empire Built a new beautiful capital – Esfahan Reformed the military Offered religious tolerance This last part allowed others to move back into the land and increased trade

12. The Mughal Empire Babur – Founder of the Empire His military genius allowed him to overtake armies larger than his own Akbar brought the empire into a golden age Expanded the empire Culture florished Using his political wisdom he was able to effectively rule both Hindus and Muslims peacefully Offered religious tolerance No tax for non-Muslims

13. Ottoman Empire Safavid EmpireMughal Empire Warfare Train janissaries Conquer Constantinople Battle Ottomans Ally with European states Conquer India Battle Persians and British Arts Make magnificent mosques, pottery, rugs, and jewelry Blend Persian and Turkish influences Carpet making and painting Combine Persian and Indian motifs Architecture and painting Government The sultan governs through local rulers The shah trains administrators The emperor controls semi-independent states Trade Merchants are the privileged class Geography limits trade Trade with Europeans Religion Sunni Muslims Religious tolerance Shiite Muslim Religious orthodoxy Muslim, Hindu Religious tolerance Women Social restrictions own land, inherit property, hold govt. positions, may divorce Social restrictions Kept secluded and made to wear veils Some restrictions Serve as warriors, landowners, business people, and advisors