1. Topic: Common logical fallacies to avoid Statements that weaken arguments... Learning Goal: I can identify and judge arguments for the type of logic being used.

2. Argument An argument can be supported by... logic (logos), an appeal to reasoning such as deductive and inductive; ethicsethics (ethos), an appeal to one's sense of right and wrong or good sense, or to emotionsemotions (pathos), an appeal to one’s patriotism, fears, or sympathies.

3. Key Vocabulary to Know Premise- proposition used as evidence in an argument Conclusion- logical result of the relationship between the premises- serves as the thesis of the argument Argument- the assertion of a conclusion based on logical premises Induction - a process in how the premises provides some basis for the conclusion Deduction- a process in how the premises provide convincing proof for the conclusion

4. Weak Arguments illogical statementsfallaciesWeak arguments rely on illogical statements called fallacies. The following slides contain examples of logical fallacies...The following slides contain examples of logical fallacies...

5. “Non-SECK-quit-er” A conclusion that does not follow from established premises or evidence.Examples: The President graduated from Harvard. He can't make mistakes. Why is this illogical? motorcycle, so she must Non Sequitur

6. Begging the Question Basing an argument on an idea that has not been proven or that is impossible to prove.Examples: Synthetic vitamins are dangerous to one's health, so all of them should be removed from the store shelves. Teaching evolution is contrary to what God wants; therefore, the theory of evolution comes directly from Satan. Why are these examples of fallacious logic?

7. Circular Reasoning repeats a premise rather than giving a valid reason.Examples: because she supervises the company's personnel office effectively.Martha is a good supervisor because she supervises the company's personnel office effectively. Only a fatalist would bungee jump, and the fact that bungee jumpers are fatalists is proof of this. How do these go in circles?

8. Straw-man Argument attributes untrue characteristics to an argument and then attacks the argument based on those characteristics.Examples: "Evolution is false! How could a mouse evolve into an elephant!?" You’re a bad driver, so that’s why you won't support a bill to raise the driving age to twenty- one. What type of propaganda does this seem like?

9. Ad Hominem (to the man) attacks the person rather than the issue.attacks the person rather than the issue. Examples: Sam is divorced, so how can he make sound financial decisions for the city? Mr. Spock is not an effective second-in- command because he has ugly pointed ears. Why is this bad logic? How is this logic tied to propaganda?

10. Over-generalization draws a conclusion about an entire group based on insufficient evidence.draws a conclusion about an entire group based on insufficient evidence.Examples: I know five Italians who like pizza, so all Italians must like pizza. Since Warren Buffet and Bill Gates made large gifts to charitable causes, all wealthy men must be charitable. How is this tied to propaganda? Where do we see this type of bad logic?

11. Post hoc (“after this; therefore because of this”) attributes a cause/effect relationship simply because something occurs after something else. (“black cat” reasoning) Examples: A black cat crossed my path before I took the math test; I ended up failing the test because of that cat! Our weather patterns have changed since we began launching the space shuttle into space. DO THE CAUSE & EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS MAKE SENSE?

12. False Dichotomy there are only two possibilities Either/Or” fallacy. Most situations provide more than two possible outcomes....based on the false assumption that there are only two possibilities. Sometimes called the “Either/Or” fallacy. Most situations provide more than two possible outcomes. Examples: Either you are with America's fight against terrorism or you are America's enemy. Who uses this type of logic often? Why do they use it?Who uses this type of logic often? Why do they use it?

13. Many more logical fallacies exist... You must know these 8 and how they are attached to the 7 propaganda devices In addition: Begin looking for them in Fahrenheit 451