1. The Dimensions of the Prize: Leverage Technology to Achieve Sustainable Emissions Cal Cooper ConocoPhillips

2. Carbon Capture & Storage

3. Emission reduction by sectors IEA MAP Scenario 32 Gt CO 2 reduction in 2050 Efficiency 45% Power 34% 3% 5% 7% 6% Biofuel Industry CCS in Industry CCS in transportation IEA Energy Technology Perspectives CO 2 Capture & Storage (CCS) contributes 20% of total CCS

4. CCS Size Translation A Gigaton of CO2 = ? –~ 20 TCF natural gas(so 1 MMt ~ 20 BCF) USA Gas Production22.3 TCF /yr World Gas Prod.100 TCF / yr –1Gt CO2 / yr = 20 – 25 Million Barrels of Supercritical CO2 / day (PVT dependent) 1000 MW Coal Plant requires ~ 1.65 Billion Barrels storage space in 30 yr.

5. Carbon Abatement Costs $$$ Valuing carbon will provide economic framework. Carbon Tax @ $45 /t = * *WSJ Sept 12,2007 –42 cents / gallon gasoline –5 cents / kilowatt hour of electricity –$ 19. 44 / barrel of crude oil High Carbon prices are required to generate material actions. Under $20 / t - Buy credits and plant trees

6. Massive Creativity

7. Environmental Studies Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona A Sense of Urgency Sea Level +1 meter

8. Challenges Timeline Choices Costs Q1 Q2 Q3 A B C D E

9. This photo is copyrighted by ConocoPhillips Alaska, Inc. and cannot be released or published without the express written consent of ConocoPhillips Alaska, Inc. Gas Injection Cumulative 30-yr natural gas recycling at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska – ~ 49 TCF – ~ 275 BCF/yr CO2. – ~ 140 MM t/y CO2 Permian Basin EOR –>40MM t/yr CO2. * All Prudhoe info calculated from Alaska Oil & Gas Conservation Commission Public filings.

10. Capture Technologies Solvents Membranes Combustion Alternatives

11. Gasification - IGCC

12. Early Mover Projects Adapt and improve existing technology Amines Gasification Possibly oxy-fire

13. Basin Storage Systems Depleted Reservoirs Saline Formations ECBM – Injectivity? Containment systems San Juan Basin Schematic Cross Section WESTEAST 25 miles

14. Storage Sites?

15. Where can we start? Where it makes sense. Leverage refinery and industrial complexes with power, steam and gases near large basin storage sites. Gas Separation Projects with EOR or Storage Consider –Value incentives, regulatory framework –Carbon-price bridge for early movers.

16. Existing World Class Co-gen Expand with gasification Store 8 MMty CO2 in North Sea Gas Fields. Immingham, UK: CCS Concept

17. Like a space program?

18. Thank You

19. CCS Costs -Today’s Technology Ballpark $70 /t –Calculations all over the map. Methodologies suspect. –Investment economics vs consumer metrics. Value is maximized with large co-gen synergies with industrial gas use (H2, CO, O2, N2), "plus" commodities like ammonia, methanol, and SNG. Best available technologies –$40 - $70 /tonne with lots of synergies –Some projects >$180 / tonne CO 2 –Not able to “replicate” $25 / tonne.