1. CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL SCIENCE

2. 3.1 SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GAS SOLID = DEFINITE SHAPE AND VOLUME
LIQUID = DEFINITE VOLUME ONLY
GAS = NEITHER

3. OTHER STATES OF MATTER
99% of matter observed in the universe exists at extremely high temperatures as plasma.
We see this on earth in the form of lightning

4. KINETIC THEORY Kinetic energy - energy due to motion.
The faster an object moves the more kinetic energy it has.
Kinetic Theory states that ALL particles of matter are in constant motion.

5. BEHAVIOR OF GAS The particles of gas are NEVER at rest
Forces of attraction are almost non-existent in gas
Particles are spread farther apart and have lots of room to move

6. BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS
A liquid takes shape of its container because particles can flow to new locations. The volume of a liquid is constant because forces of attraction keep particles together.
Particles have room to move
Rain drops are a perfect example

7. BEHAVIOR OF SOLIDS SOLIDS HAVE A DEFINITE SHAPE AND DEFINITE VOLUME
Particles are packed in tightly and have little or no room to move….so they vibrate

8. PRESSURE…a review Pressure: result of force distributed over an area.
SI Units: Force = Newtons = N
Area = Square Meter = m2
Pressure = Pascal = Pa
PRESSURE = N/M2
Pressure often expressed in kPa (kilopascals = 1000 pascals_

9. FACTORS AFFECTING GAS PRESSURE
Collisions between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause the pressure in a closed container of gas.
Factors affecting pressure are: temperature, volume, and number of particles

10. TEMPERATURE IF TEMPERATURE GOES UP SO DOES PRESSURE….WHY???
WHAT KIND OF RELATIONSHIP IS THIS?

11. VOLUME AS VOLUME GOES DOWN PRESSURE GOES UP…WHY???
WHAT KIND OF RELATIONSHIP IS THIS?

12. NUMBER OF PARTICLES
IF THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES GOES UP SO DOES THE PRESSURE….WHY???
WHAT KIND OF RELATIONSHIP IS THIS?

13. CHARLES’S LAW
THE VOLUME OF A GAS IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONATE TO ITS TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN IF THE PRESSURE AND NUMBER OF PARTICLES ARE CONSTANT…if the volume goes up, then the temperature went up.
FORMULA: V1/T1 = V2/T2
TEMPERATURE MUST BE IN KELVINS

14. BOYLE’S LAW
THE VOLUME OF A GAS IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONATE TO ITS PRESSURE IF THE TEMPERATURE AND NUMBER OF PARTICLES ARE CONSTANT….if the pressure goes up, the volume goes down (SQUEEZE)
FORMULA: P1V1 = P2V2

15. COMBINED GAS LAW
USED TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND VOLUME OF A GAS WHEN THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES IS CONSTANT.
CHARLES’S AND BOYLE’S LAWS COMBINED
FORMULA: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

16. CHPT 3 SEC 3: PHASE CHANGES

17. PHASE CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS
Phase change: reversible physical change when a substance changes from one state to another.
Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition…six common phase changes.

18. PHASE CHANGES

19. TEMPERATURE & PHASE CHANGE
SEE FIG 17 ON PAGE 85
Temperature changes up to and directly after a phase change.

20. ENERGY AND PHASE CHANGE
ENERGY IS EITHER ABSORBED OR RELEASED DURING A PHASE CHANGE.
Endothermic: a change in which energy is absorbed… cold is released…melting
Heat of fusion: heat required for an object to melt
Exothermic: a change in which energy is released… heat is released…freezing

21. MELTING AND FREEZING
THE ARRANGEMENT OF WATER MOLECULES BECOMES LESS ORGANIZED AS IT MELTS AND MORE ORGANIZED AS IT FREEZES

22. VAPORIZATION: CHANGES FROM LIQUID TO GAS ABOVE BOILING POINT
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION: HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO TURN LIQUID INTO A VAPOR…DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES
EVAPORATION: TAKES PLACE ON SURFACE OF LIQUID AND OCCURS AT TEMPS BELOW BOILING POINT

23. CONDENSATION: CHANGE FROM GAS/VAPOR TO A LIQUID…
CONDENSATION: CHANGE FROM GAS/VAPOR TO A LIQUID…..FOG ON BATHROOM MIRROR
SUBLIMATION: CHANGE FROM SOLID TO GAS…. NO LIQUID PHASE..DRY ICE
DEPOSITION: GAS/VAPOR TO SOLID… STILL NO LIQUID PHASE..FROST ON WINDOWS