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Chapter 3 States of Matter
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Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Section 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
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Describing the States of Matter
Materials can be classified as ______, _______, or ______based on whether their ______ and ________ are definite or variable. Solid – definite shape and definite volume Liquid – definite volume but not a definite shape Gas – neither definite shape or volume
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Other States of Matter Plasma – exists at _________ _______ temperatures BEC (Bose-Einstein condensate) – exists at ____ ____ temperatures (below -273ºC)
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Kinetic Theory Kinetic – from the _______ meaning “to move”
Kinetic energy – energy an object has due to its ________ The kinetic theory of matter says that all _________ of matter are in constant _______. There are forces of ___________ among the particles in all matter.
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The Kinetic Theory and the States of Matter
Gases – particles are very ___ _____ from one another and move very ______. Attraction between particles is almost non-existent Liquids – particles are ______ __________ and move much ________. There is attraction between particles Solids – particles are _____ ______ together and hardly move at all. Particles are very ____________ to each other.
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Explaining the behavior of Gases
Gas particles are far apart and moving very, very fast The constant motion of the gas particles allows a gas to fill a container of any _______ and ______.
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Explaining the Behavior of Liquids
A liquid takes the shape of its container because particles in a liquid can _____ to new _____________. The volume of a liquid is _________ because forces of attraction keep the particles ______ _________.
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Explaining the Behavior of Solids
Solids have a definite _______ and ______ because particles in a solid vibrate around fixed locations.
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Section 3.2 The Gas Laws
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Pressure Pressure is the result of a _________ distributed over an _______. SI unit is derived from units for force and area (force/area – Newton/square meter) Pascal (Pa = N/m2) ____________ between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause the ___________ in a close container of gas.
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Factor that Affect Gas Pressure
Temperature – raising temperature will _________its pressure if the volume & number of particles stay the same. Volume – reducing the volume increases its _________ if the temperature and number of particles stay the same. Number of Particles – increasing the number of particles will __________ the pressure if the temperature stays the same.
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Charles Law Named for Jacques _________ ( ) who studied the relationship between _______ and ______________around the turn of the 19th century. Determined that for the same amount of gas at a constant __________, volume divided by temperature equals a constant.
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Charles’ Law Formula V1 V2 T1 T2
In other words, they are ____________ proportional. KNOW THIS FORMULA AND HOW TO USE IT!! ___ ____ =
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Boyle’s Law Named for Robert _______ ( ), who studied the relationship between __________ and ____________ in the mid-1600’s For the same amount of gas at a constant temperature, __________ times __________equals a constant. Shows relationship between Pressure (P) and Volume (V) at constant temperature.
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Boyle’s Law Formula P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
In other words they are ______________ proportional KNOW THIS FORMULA AND HOW TO USE IT!
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Section 3.3 Phase Changes
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Phase Changes The ___________ physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another _________, freezing, ______________, condensation, ___________, and deposition are six common phase changes. The ____________ of a substance does not change during a phase change.
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Energy & Phase Changes Energy is either _________ or ___________during a phase change. Endothermic change – the system ________ energy from its surroundings Exothermic change – the system __________ energy to its surroundings Heat of fusion – the amount of energy needed for a particular substance to change from a _____ to a ______
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Phase Changes United Streaming Video: “Physical Science Series: Phases of Matter”
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Melting & Freezing The arrangements of molecules in water becomes less ___________ as water melts and more _________ as water freezes The melting and freezing points of any substance are the _________!
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Vaporization Vaporization – the phase change in which a substance changes from a ________ into a ____ Evaporation – a type of ____________ that occurs below the boiling point of a substance Heat of vaporization – the amount of energy needed to change a substance from a _______ to a _____ Vapor pressure – the pressure caused by the ______________ of vapor and a container
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Boiling Point Boiling of a liquid occurs when the vapor pressure becomes equal to ___________ __________.
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Condensation Condensation – phase change in which a substance changes from a _____ or ________ to a ________
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Sublimation and Deposition
Sublimation – phase change in which a substance changes from a _______ to a ______ or vapor without changing to a liquid first Deposition – when a gas or vapor changes directly into a ________ without first changing to a ________
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