1. Primary Sources WHY USE THEM? Teresa Potter, OKAGE Teacher Consultant http://jturnhamskinners.weebly.com/uploads/2/0/8/6/20862178/800029113.jpg http://www.napavalley.edu/Library/PublishingImages/primary%20source%20letter.jpg http://faculty.kirkwood.edu/ryost/hist201/jfkdeath.jpg

2. What Are Primary Sources The pieces of evidence that historians use to learn about people, events and every day life. http://primarysourcenexus.org/wp- content/uploads/2011/08/clothesdrive.jpg

3. A first-hand, original account, record or evidence about a person, place, object, or an event. Oral histories, objects, photographs, and documents such as newspapers, census records, diaries, journals, inventories, etc. http://www.american-indian-artwork.com/images/old-documents.jpg

4. Why Primary Sources? They help you….  Investigate and problem solve  Experience history through your learning styles  Because they are real and tangible  Draw conclusions, construct meaning and direct your own learning  Sort through and understand varying perspectives http://www.nps.gov/elis/learn/education/images/Primary-Sources-Collage_2.jpg

5. Primary Sources and the Multiple Intelligence  Verbal Linguistic- use language and speaking skills to make sense of complex meaning  Logical Mathematical- Thinking in terms of cause and effect relationships, problem solving & calculation skills  Bodily Kinesthetic- Thinking in terms of movement, physical skills and working with one’s hands  Visual Spatial- Using pictures, paintings, photographs, etc. to understand perceptions  Musical- Sounds, melodies, rhythms, instruments, etc. that help us construct meaning  Interpersonal- understanding other people and being Sensitive to their motives, intentions, and moves  Intrapersonal- Thinking about and understanding oneself; having empathy  Naturalist- Understanding patterns of life and natural forces

6. Primary Source Maps “Anytime I feel lost, I pull out a map and stare. I stare until I have reminded myself that life is a giant adventure, so much to do, to see.” ~Angelina Jolie

7. How can we critically study maps?  Identify the conditions under which the map was produced.  Determine its purpose or the message it is conveying. Ask yourself, “Is the map biased?”  Identify what the map is telling about the country(ies) displayed and its relationship with other countries.  Focus on the relationship between people and places. Determine how people have changed the environment to suit their needs.

8. Primary Source Maps Strengths  Shows place- a graphic representation of selected aspects of Earth’s surface.  They give information about selected physical and human features.  They can show how features are located, arranged, distributed, and related to one another. Weaknesses  No single map can accurately depict all Earth’s properties.  Not a complete or objective source.  They reflect the bias of the cartographer.  Emotions are not evident.  The effect of humans on the environment can be difficult to identify

9. Primary Source Written Documents “no society is so precious as that of one’s own family.” ~Thomas Jefferson 11 January 1789 http://tjrs.monticello.org/

10. How Can We Critically Study Primary Source Documents?  Identify the author and audience  Look beyond the intended meaning to discover hidden agendas, unintended meanings, bias or point of view of the author  Analyze tone, grammar, word choice and style http://www.library.pitt.edu/freeatlast/images/photogallery/exhibitimage_29.jpg

11. Primary Source Documents Strengths  Provides information on the who, what, when, where, why and how of an event  Provides written, printed or graphic information  Sometimes offers the level of emotion for readers  Can simulate personal involvement for readers Weaknesses  Not thoroughly objective  Not visual  There’s often more to the story  Usually contains author bias and agenda  If author is no longer living, cannot consult with  Difficult to read handwriting that has changed over time

12. “ ” History, despite it’s wrenching pain, cannot be unlived, but if faced with courage, need not be lived again. M AYA A NGELOU Putting It All Together!