1. 1 Nazia Lecturer (Bilquis Post Graduate College) Lecture 2 Discipline of HCI Human-Computer Interaction

2. 2 In the Last Lecture Usability –Definition “Ensuring that interactive products are easy to learn, effective to user and enjoyable from the user’s perspective ( Preece etal)” –Usability Goals Effectiveness Efficiency Safety Utility Learnability Memorablity

3. 3 In the Last Lecture User Experience –Definition –User Experience Goals Relationship of Usability and User Experience

4. 4 User Experience Goals Satisfying Enjoyable Fun Entertaining Helpful Motivating Aesthetically Pleasing Supportive to Creativity Rewarding Emotionally Fullfilling

5. 5 In the Last Lecture Relationship of Usability and User Experience

6. 6 In the Last Lecture User Experience Goals Usability Goals

7. 7 Fun Emotionally fullfilling Rewarding Satisfying Entertaining enjoyable helpful Motivating Aesthetically pleasing Supportive of creativity Efficient to use Easy to remember Effective to use Easy to learn Safe to use Have good utility Usability Goals

8. 8 In the Last Lecture History and Evolution of HCI –1960’s Research –1970’s Technological Explosion –The Three Systems Dynabook Star Lisa

9. 9 Last Lecture’s Revelation “Don’t Make me THINK, is the key to a usable product”

10. 10 In Today’s Lecture Usability and Quality Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI Disciplines contributing to HCI

11. 11 Quote of the Day – Terry Winograd “HCI is the kind of discipline which is neither the study of humans nor the study of technology, but rather the bridging between the two. So you always have to have one eye open to the questions: –What can the technology do? –How can you build it ? –What are the possibilities? And one eye open to the question –What are people doing and how would this fit in –What would they do with it ? If you lose sight of either of those you fail to design well.. I think the challenge is to really keep knowledge of both the technology and the people playing against each other in order to develop new things”

12. 12 Usability and Quality

13. 13 Quality and Software What is Quality? –You like a product –Does not break down QA Teams

14. 14 Quality is conformance to specifications (British Defense Industries Quality Assurance Panel)

15. 15 Quality is conformance to requirements (Philip Crosby)

16. 16 Quality is fitness for purpose or use (Juran)

17. 17 Quality is a predictable degree of uniformity and dependability, at low cost and suited to the market (Edward Deming)

18. 18 Quality is synonymous with customer needs and expectations (R J Mortiboys)

19. 19 Quality is meeting the (stated) requirements of the customer- now and in the future (Mike Robinson)

20. 20 Quality is the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacturing and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectations by the customer (Armand Feigenbaum)

21. 21 Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs (ISO 8402 : 1994)

22. 22 What is a Product?

23. 23 Product A generic term that refers to –Goods –Services Failure to meet quality requirements in either dimension can have serious negative consequences

24. 24 … implied needs must be turned into requirements … PMBOK

25. 25 Software Quality The extent to which a software product exhibits these characteristics –Functionality –Reliability –Usability –Efficiency –Maintainability –Portability

26. 26 Software QA Teams Only test requirements Customers and users

27. 27 The Dual Nature of Usability Usability is both Strategic Tactical

28. 28 Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI

29. 29 What is HCI? HCI is a large interdisciplinary area Emerging as specialty concern within several disciplines, each with different emphases –Computer science (application design and engineering of human interfaces) –Psychology (the application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical analysis of user behavior) –Sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and organization) –Industrial design (interactive products)

30. 30 What is HCI? HCI concerned with: –Joint performance of tasks by humans and machines –Structure of communication between human and machine –Human capabilities to use machines –Algorithms and programming of interfaces –Engineering concerns in designing and building interfaces –Process of design, specification and implementation –Design trade-offs

31. 31 What is HCI? Various aspects –Science Human capabilities to use machines –Engineering Building interfaces –Design Design tradeoffs

32. 32 Case Study – Ticketing System A small ticketing agency has many shops distributed throughout the country Feels the need to install efficient ticketing system, for survival Manual Issuing Procedure –Call airlines to check for vacant seats –Check with customer if the available seat is suitable –Then ticket is written out manually –Customer receipts and intinerary –Accounting for issued tickets every two weeks

33. 33 Case Study – Ticketing System - Research The research on existing ticketing systems reveal –Computers always going wrong –Lack of trust in computers –Staff unable to understand messages The Result –Sales figures had dropped and were disappointing –A large number of sales staff had left

34. 34 Ticketing System - Recommendations Immediate booking via Internet Automatic print-out of tickets, itineraries and receipts Direct connection between booking system and accounting system Elimination of booking forms

35. 35 Ticketing System - Recommendations Layout of the agency needs to be changed for staff to operate computers Staff training Changes to job design Support to older staff during period of change Changes to employment conditions must be examined Staff relationship with other non-techi staff members (Technology Power)

36. 36 Factors in HCI Organizational Factors Training, job design, politics, roles Work organization Environmental Factors Noise, heating, ventilation,lighting Health and Safety Stress, headaches, Musculo-skeleton, disorders Cognitive processes and capabilities The User Motivation, Enjoyment, Satisfaction, Personality Experience level Comfort Level Seating Equipment layout User Interface Input devices, output displays, dialogue structures, User of colour, icons, commands, graphics, natural language 3-D, user support materials, multimedia Task Factors Easy, complex, novel, Task allocation, repetitive,Monitoring, skills, multi-media Constraints Costs, timescales, budgets, Staff, equipment, building structure System Functionality Hardware, software, application Productivity Factors Increase output, increase quality, decrease costs, decrease errors,Decrease labour requirements, decrease production time, Increase creative and innovative ideas leading to new products

37. 37 Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI HCI is understanding the Complex Relationship between Human and Computers Two Distinct “Species” Successful Integration is dependent upon the a better understanding of both Species Hence HCI borrows and establishes its roots in Disciplines concerned with both

38. 38 Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI HCI has roots in many disciplines HCI is inter-disciplinary in nature

39. 39 Anthropology Artificial Intelligence Engineering Design Ergonomics & Human Factor Linguistics Social Organizational Psychology Philosophy Computer Science Cognitive Psychology HCI

40. 40 Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Human Side Cognitive Psychology Social Organizational Psychology Ergonomics and human Factors Linguistics Philosophy Sociology Anthropology

41. 41 Cognitive Psychology Understanding human behavior and mental processes Human information processing –See –Feel –Touch –Smell –Taste How much information can be processed and remembered

42. 42 Social Organizational Psychology Studying nature and causes of human behavior in social context Four core concerns –Influence of one individual on another person’s attitude and behavior –Impact of a group on its member’s attitude and behavior –Impact of a member on group’s activities and structure –Relationship between the structure and activities of different groups Informs designers how computers affect working practices

43. 43 Ergonomics or Human Factors To define and design tools and various artifacts for different work, leisure and domestic environment to suit the capacities and capabilities of users Ergonomist translates the above information from the above mentioned sciences into context of design of products Increase feelings of comfort and satisfaction Concerns –Hardware design –Radiation from VDUs –Repetitive Strain Injury (RPI)

44. 44 Linguistics Scientific study of languages Command-object (delete ‘report’ OR ‘report’ delete) Understanding structure (syntax) and meaning (semantics) HCI goal is to develop natural language interfaces

45. 45 Philosophy, Sociology and Anthropology Philosophy: A philosophy is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and about society. A philosophy is a group of ideas, worked out by a philosopher (someone who has studied ways of thinking about the world). The ideas in philosophy are abstract, which means that they are "things that cannot be touched". Sociology: Sociology is the scientific study of social behavior or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. Anthropology: Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. To understand the full sweep and complexity of cultures across all of human history, anthropology draws and builds upon knowledge from the social and biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences.

46. 46 Philosophy, Sociology and Anthropology Contribution in the sense of Soft Sciences for HCI Considers introduction of IT in society Ethnography involves observing people Cognitive psychology tries to predict Computer Supported Cooperative Writing

47. 47 Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Computer Side Computer Science Artificial Intelligence Engineering Design

48. 48 Other Disciplines Computer Science –Provides knowledge about capability of technology –Developing techniques to support software design, development and maintenance Artificial Intelligence –Intelligent Computing concerned with simulating human behaviour –HCI – development of expert and tutoring systems Engineering –Engineering takes finding of sciences and utilizes them in the production of artifacts Design –Design contributes creative skills and knowledge to this process

49. 49 Discipline of HCI

50. 50 What We Learnt Today … Factors in HCI Interdisciplinary nature of HCI

51. 51 Anthropology Artificial Intelligence Engineering Design Ergonomics & Human Factor Linguistics Social Organizational Psychology Philosophy Computer Science Cognitive Psychology HCI

52. 52 Next Lecture Human Side of HCI