1. LYDIA RUFFNER MAY 3 RD, 2014 PROBIOTICS AND CANCER PREVENTION

2. THE GOOD BACTERIA…

3. BACKGROUND: WHAT ARE PROBIOTICS? Probiotics are the good bacteria that aid with digestion and offer protection from harmful bacteria. They are found in foods such as yogurt. They have been found to: Treat diarrhea Prevent and treat vaginal yeast infections & UTIs Treat Irritable Bowel Syndrome Reduce bladder cancer occurrence Prevent and treat eczema in children Prevent and reduce severity of colds and flus

4. WHAT ROLE DO THEY PLAY IN THE BODY? Probiotics are found all over the body with the largest amount residing in the colon. In 2007, it was found that if the body was being attacked the appendix would release probiotics to combat the infected species. The probiotic Lactobacillus casei (LAB) has been found to be helpful in cancer by releasing cancer fighting compounds. The play a large role (70-80%) in our body’s immune response.

5. PROBIOTICS AND COLON CANCER PREVENTION As stated before most of the probiotics in the body are found in the colon. According to current studies, probiotics work through many mechanisms to prevent colon cancer. Alteration of the intestinal microflora Inactivation of carcinogenic compounds Competition with putrefactive and pathogenic microbiota Improvement of the host’s immune response Anti-proliferative effects via regulation of apoptosis and cell differentiation Fermentation of undigested food Inhibition of tyrosinase kinase signaling pathways

6. CONTINUED…. Probiotics produce short chain fatty acids in the colon which increases the acidity of the the colon. Lower pH = low incidence of colon cancer The probiotic bacteria reduces the levels of pro- carcinogenic enzymes.

7. HETEROCYCLIC AMINES & PROBIOTICS As discussed in class grilling red meats is associated with the carcinogen heterocyclic amines. Gut bacteria in the body activate the heterocyclic amines and its mutagenic derivatives causing tumorigenic mutations. LAB (probiotic) binds/ metabolizes carcinogens and is seen to be the main mechanism of removing carcinogens from the body The results found from various in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the detoxification of the mutagenic compounds is one of the main reasons why LAB antagonizes the onset of colon cancer.

8. REFERENCES "21 Amazing Facts About Probiotics” Probiotics.org." 21 Amazing Facts About Probiotics — Probiotics.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2014.. Brady, Linda, Daniel Gallaher, and Frank Busta. "The Role of Probiotic Cultures in the Prevention of Colon Cancer." The Journal of Nutrition 120 (200): 410-414. Print. "Consumer health." Are probiotics and prebiotics important for health?. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2014.. Donaldson, Micheal. "Nutrition and cancer: A review of evidence for an anticancer diet." Nutrition Journal 3.19 (2004): 1-21. Print. Liong, Min-Tze. "Roles of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Colon Cancer Prevention: Postulated Mechanisms and In-vivo Evidence." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 9.5 (2008): 854-863. Print. Shida, Kan, and Koji Nomoto. "Probiotics as efficient immunopotentiators: Translational role in cancer prevention." Indian Journal of Medical Research 138.5 (2013): 808-814. PubMed. Web. 3 May 2014. Uccello, Mario, Giulia Malaguarnera, Francesco Basile, Velia D’Agata, Michele Malaguarnera, Gaetano Bertino, Marco Vacante, Filippo Drago, and Antonio Biondi. "Potential role of probiotics on colorectal cancer prevention." BMC Surgery 12.Suppl 1 (2012): S35. Print. Vanderhoof, Jon. "Probiotics: future directions." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73 (2001): 1152-1155. Print.