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History 102SY The United States and the Middle East 1900 to the Present
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The Iraq War and Beyond
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February 2003—Secretary of State Colin Powell repeated both Curveball’s and al-Libi’s claims at United Nations
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September 2002—Bush called on UN to pass resolution demanding that Iraq disarm itself of weapons of mass destruction
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CIA Director George Tenet
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October 2002—Supplied with misleading intelligence, Congress passed Iraq War Resolution CIA “White Paper” on Iraq and WMD
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November 2002—UN Security Council passed Resolution 1441, calling on Iraq to disarm itself of weapons of mass destruction, warning of “serious consequences” if it failed to do so
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Late 2002—UN inspectors started operating in Iraq
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December 2002-January 2003—US deployed more troops to Persian Gulf; France and Germany opposed use of force without subsequent UN resolution German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer
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Early 2003—UN weapons inspectors found no evidence of WMD programs but asked for more time to continue investigation Chief UN weapons inspector Hans Blix
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March 2003—US, Britain, and “coalition of the willing” launched Iraq War without second UN resolution
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April 2003—Saddam Hussein regime fell; but US forces failed to provide adequate security, permitting widespread looting and violence
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Summer 2003—Iraqi Insurgency broke out
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2003-2008—Iraqi civil war
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2007-2008—US “troop surge,” combined with “Sunni Awakening,” helped to stabilize country
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December 2011—US troops withdrawn from Iraq
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In early aftermath of 9/11 there were prospects for better relations between United States and Iran Mohammad Khatami
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But relations soon soured due to Iran’s nuclear program and Bush’s inclusion of Iran in “Axis of Evil”
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2005—Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, hard-line Islamist, elected president of Iran, causing relations to deteriorate further
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Ongoing controversy over Iran’s nuclear program
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Mahmoud AhmadenijadBenjamin Netanyahu
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Arab Spring
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Libya Muammar Qaddafi
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Syria Bashar al-Asad Syrian army defectors
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Economic distress in Arab world
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Israel-Palestine dispute
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Since 9/11—Growing US reliance on paramilitary operations
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May 1, 2011
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Warrantless Wiretapping
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Obama and drone strikes
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Civilian casualties in Pakistan
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