1. A journey through Modified APA style of referencing…
Avoiding Plagiarism:
A journey through Modified APA style of referencing…
E. Hansen Teacher-Librarian

2. Do you know??? What is Plagiarism? What is an in-text Citation?
What is a reference list?
What does paraphrasing mean?

3. Getting Started…
What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism means using another’s work without giving them credit and saying that it is your own
From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

4. Examples of Plagiarism…
Copying and pasting text from online encyclopedias
Copying and pasting text from any web site
Using photographs, video or audio without permission or acknowledgement
Using another student’s or your parents’ work and claiming it as your own even with permission
Using your own work without properly citing it!
From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

5. More Examples of Plagiarism…
Quoting a source without using quotation marks-even if you do cite it
Citing sources you didn’t use
Getting a research paper, story, poem, or article off the Internet
Turning in the same paper for more than one class without the permission of both teachers (this is called self-plagiarism)
Can you think of more?
From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

6. How to Avoid Plagiarism…
Use your own words and ideas
Always give credit to the source where you have received your information
If you use someone’s exact words - put them in quotes and give credit using in-text citations. Include the source in your references
From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

7. How to Avoid Plagiarism…
If you have paraphrased someone’s work, (summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the words)-always give credit
Take very good notes--write down the source as you are taking notes. Do not wait until later to try and retrieve the original source
Avoid using someone else’s work with minor “cosmetic” changes
From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation

8. Getting Started… What is a reference list? A bibliography?
A reference list at the end of a paper provides the full information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. It cites works that specifically support a particular article.
References should be alphabetically listed by author’s last name at the end of the paper or presentation.
A bibliography?
A bibliography cites works for background or for further reading.

9. Getting Started… What is a Citation? An In-Text Citation?
References and citations in text are the formal methods of acknowledging the use of a creator’s work.
An In-Text Citation?
Direct citations and quotations are acknowledged in the body of a research assignment. (Right in the sentence or paragraph)

10. How does plagiarism affect you??
WHAT happens if you plagiarize?
In junior/senior high school?
In post-secondary?
In society?

11. Now for the lighter side…

13. For Better or For Worse – Lynn Johnston

17. CBE References and Citations Document (2000)

18. Special Consideration: The INTERNET
Special recognition needs to be given to the Internet as a source of information. Due to the transient nature of information on the Internet, a copy (either paper or disk) should be retained.
WHY???
Internet sites must be examined very carefully for reliability, as all sources are not authoritative or trustworthy.
Lack of author or publisher often indicates that the information should be treated with caution.
The work of other students (e.g. home pages) may be consulted but should never be a sole source of information.

19. CITATIONS IN TEXT Definition
Citations in text identify the source of quotations or a personal communication used in research.
The citation provides the author’s last name, publication date and page number
Purpose
1. Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, the source must be credited.
2. Citations enable the reader to locate the source of the quotation in References.
**It is like the difference between signing a legal document with your initials: EH (citation) and giving your whole signature: Erin Hansen (entry in Reference List).

20. Format
Citations are included in the same sentence or paragraph as the quotation.
2. The sentence and the citation together must provide the author’s last name, the publication date and the page(s) from which the quotation was taken (see quotation example #1 later).
3. For poetry, include line numbers and use a slash ‘/’ to indicate the end of a line.
4. Quotations of more than 40 words are indented five spaces from the left margin and are doublespaced in a free-standing block (example later)
They are also known as a Block Quotation

21. Punctuation
1. Quotation marks “ ” enclose quotations of less than 40 words and are included in the text.
2. A colon : follows the statement immediately preceding a long quotation (block quotation).
3. Brackets ( ) enclose information about the source of the quotation (this is the citation).

22. Quotation Examples 1. Quotation of less than 40 words:
He confirms our suspicions: “Because N-Gen children are born with technology, they assimilate it. Adults must accommodate – a different and much more difficult learning process”_ (Tapscott, 1998, p. 40).
(no punctuation at end of quotation) (punctuation is here)

23. Quotation Examples
2. Quotations of more than forty words (Block Quotation):
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (1994) explains how to avoid plagiarism:
Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the words is paraphrasing. Each time a source is paraphrased, a credit for the source needs to be included in the text. (p. 292) _ (no punctuation at end) (punctuation at end of quotation)

24. Or, if you are double-spacing your paper, SINGLE SPACE the block quotation
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (1994) explains how to avoid plagiarism:
Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the words is paraphrasing. Each time a source is paraphrased, a credit for the source needs to be included in the text. (p. 292)

25. Citation Example 1
He states, “anything takes on a new meaning when we think of it as a monument” (Boorstin, 1987, p. 215) and adds that monuments can be both man-made and natural.
**Note punctuation
What makes this sentence elegant or unique?
The sentence has both a direct quotation and a paraphrase!

26. Citation Example 2
Johnston and Cutchins (1988) state that “life is hard for animal babies of all kinds, but for young reptiles, surviving their first year is especially difficult” (p. 36).
To put two authors in the brackets, you must use the ampersand “&” symbol. (Johnston & Cutchins, 1988, p. 36)
For more than 3 authors, you may use the Latin phrase “et al” which means “and the rest” (Abrams, et al, 1999, p. 345)

27. Personal Communications
Personal communications include letters, telephone conversations, interviews, etc.
They are mentioned in the body of a paper only, as they are not locatable.
They are cited (see below for format), but NEVER included in your reference list, because a reader cannot refer to or locate them later.
e.g.
Author Martine Bates (personal communication, January 25, 2000) is excited about Marwen’s latest adventures and hopes her readers are too.

28. Citing Electronic Sources (Internet, CD-Rom, etc)
For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers:
Use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the paragraph symbol or the abbreviation para.
If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material (see section 3.39).
(Myers, 2000, ¶ 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
(APA Style, 2005, para. 3)

29. Citing Internet Sources or Sources with No Author
Many times, you will encounter and need to cite a resource that does not have an author. We are used to doing citations using the author’s last name. However, this is not always possible.
 Here are three examples of a REFERENCE LISTING of resources that do not have authors:
 No Author
Sports nutrition: Nutrition science & the Olympics. (1998). Retrieved January 24, 1999 from the Internet:
Corporate author
Centre for Systems Science at Simon Fraser University.[Image] (1996). Great Canadian scientists. Retrieved May 14, 1999 from the Internet:
OTHER
Romeo and Juliet [CD-ROM]. (1997). New York: Columbia.
**Use the first few words of the title or corporate author if no author’s name is given
Examples:
 Many people feel that eating healthy foods can help your performance playing sports: “It is a proven fact that eating a nutritious meal prior to a game will increase performance” (Sports Nutrition, 1998).
“O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?” (Romeo and Juliet, 1997) .

30. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS REGARDING REFERENCES AND CITATIONS IN TEXT
Why use the American Psychological Association (APA) format regarding references?
It is the most widely recognized and authoritative source for references and citations in research work.
This format is used in local universities.
APA Website
University of Calgary
Citation Machine

31. References: *give the full information on how to access your sources.
* go at the back of your document on a SEPARATE piece of paper.
* The word “References” is bolded and centered at the top of the page.

32. References - Examples

33. References - Examples

34. References - Examples

35. References - Examples

36. References - Examples

37. References - Examples

38. No Author

39. See the final page in your booklet
The Reference List
See the final page in your booklet

40. References
APA Style.Org (2005). Electronic references: Citations in text of electronic material. Retrieved February 7, 2005 from the Internet:
Calgary Board of Education. (2000). References and citations in text: Formats for student research. Retrieved February 7, 2005, from the Internet:

41. Bibliography