1. 8. AMERICA BUILDS AN EMPIRE Expansionism and Imperialism

2. Bell Ringer  Answer: According to this cartoon, how did George Washington feel about foreign policy? Explain.

3. Foreign Policy  What is foreign policy?  Discuss the handout on foreign policy.  What foreign policy issues are we dealing with today?

4. World Power  Besides being an age of important domestic reform, the Progressive Era witnessed the emergence of the United States as a great power on the world stage.

5. Terms:  Spanish-American War  Joseph Pulitzer  William Randolph Hearst  Yellow Journalism  De Lome Letter  U.S.S. Maine  Theodore Roosevelt  Rough Riders  San Juan Hill

6. Major nations had divided up most of the world into colonial possessions The United States wanted to be part of the action.

7. Spanish-American War

8. Origins of the Spanish-American War 1. Spanish empire was beginning to crumble and retained only  Cuba  the Philippines  Puerto Rico  A few smaller islands. 2. Economic issues in Cuba  led the citizens to push for independence from Spain. Jose Marti, leader 3. Spanish military used brutal techniques to repress the uprising.  Many died of disease and starvation.  These events raised humanitarian concerns in the U.S.

9. Yellow Press  Newspapers of the time, in search of sensational headlines to sell papers  exaggerated the stories  This unbalanced reporting increased circulations  gave Americans an inaccurate picture of events in Cuba.  Americans also had concerns about their investments in and trade with Cuba.

10. Triggering Events 1. Battle Ship Maine Explodes 2. DeLome letter criticizes President McKinley McKinley Declares war in 1898

11. War Lasts 4 Months  Fought on two fronts  The Pacific and the Caribbean.  U.S. defeated the Spanish in every battle.  Theodore Roosevelt raised a volunteer force  known as the Rough Riders  Their attack on San Juan Hill made Roosevelt a national hero.  American forces occupied  the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam.  Marks the end of Spain's colonial empire and the emergence of the US as a world power.

12. American Imperialism Terms  Imperialism  Alfred Thayer Mahan  American Anti-Imperialist League  Queen Liliuokalani  Sanford B. Dole  Platt Amendment

13. The Argument for Imperialism 1. Need for raw materials and markets. 2. Would promote naval strength with more ports for refueling 3. Nationalism:  A means of showing the world that the U.S. was a great and powerful nation. 4. Anglo –Saxon superiority  Progressives believed that by spreading American institutions, they could help other, less fortunate peoples. 5. Spread of Christianity  missionaries wanted to convert native peoples.

14. Alfred Thayer Mahan, Historian  Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890)  Focused on the harsh political realities of expansion.  In order to achieve world power a country needed  a powerful navy  a large merchant marine  A world power needed  colonies  naval bases to provide coaling stations  Needed trade to support merchant ships  Advocated seizure of Pacific trade routes, construct a canal through Central America and dominate the Caribbean region.

15. Anti-Imperialists Argument  Many Americans felt uneasy about forcing control of other countries  Felt that imperialism violated the basic democratic principles of self-government.  American Anti-Imperialist League was formed  opposed the acquisition of colonies

16. Imperialists Win the Argument  US acquires a colonial empire:  the Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Samoa, and Midway  Cuba had been promised independence before the war was fought.  Platt Amendment altered that somewhat.  United States had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs at any time.

17. America in the Pacific  Philippines:  Angry that they did not receive independence.  Engaged in a long and almost forgotten war with US until they were defeated in 1902.  Hawaii:  Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown by American landowners in 1893.  Sandford B. Dole led the provisional government until the island was annexed by the U.S.  Guam:  Taken as a result of the Spanish-American War  Midway:  Obtained in 1867  Samoa:  Divided between Germany and U.S. in 1899.

18. Terms  “Spheres of influence”  John Hay  “Open Door” Policy  Boxers  Boxer Rebellion  Commodore Matthew Perry  Treaty of Portsmouth

19. America and East Asia  Control of islands in the Pacific gave Americans opportunities for trade with both China and Japan.  China had been partitioned off into various “spheres” blocking the U.S. from trade  John Hay and the Open Door notes  opened China up to American trade.  In 1853, Matthew Perry landed in Japan and opened trade there.  Japan became an imperialist nation  Defeated the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War  Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the treaty

20. America in the Caribbean  Panama Canal Zone  “Protectorate”  Platt Amendment  Dr. Walter Reed  William Gorgas  Monroe Doctrine  Roosevelt Corollary  Big Stick Policy  William Howard Taft  Dollar Diplomacy  Pancho Villa  John J. Pershing

21. America in the Caribbean  U.S. did not release Cuba from it’s “protectorate” status until 1930s.  Theodore Roosevelt funded a Panamanian revolt from Colombia in order to gain access too the Isthmus of Panama to build the canal connecting the two oceans

22. Challenges of Building the Panama Canal  Took 10 years (1903-1914) to complete  Cost $400 million  Thousands of lives lost  Many from diseases from the tropical climate  Intense heat  Yellow Fever  Two doctors worked to improve conditions:  Dr. Walter Reed and Dr. William Gorgas

23. Caribbean is seen as an American Lake  Using the “Monroe Doctrine”  U.S. insisted that European nations no longer colonize the Americas.  In 1904, Roosevelt added the “Roosevelt Corollary”.  Known as the Big Stick Policy  was used to justify sending U.S. troops to the West Indies and Central America

24. Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy  Encouraged bankers to invest in the countries of the Caribbean region.  By lending money to Latin American nations, the US could then exert influence on that nation.  It was a way to influence foreign policy without force.

25. Woodrow Wilson’s Policy  Tried to stay away from what he called the “bullying tactics” of the previous presidents.  Sent troops to Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic  To protect American interests.  Purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917  When troops of the rebel leader Pancho Villa in Mexico murdered Americans in New Mexico  Wilson sent American troops into Mexico under the command of John J. Pershing  Withdrew those troops in 1917 when U.S. entered World War I.