1. Nationalism, Unification, and Reform

2.  Piedmont territory became rallying point for unification  Camilo di Cavour  Prime Minister  Created alliance with Louis-Napoleon  Economic Growth was a point of pride  Stabilized his weak army  Declared war against Austria in 1859  Piedmont gained control of Lombardy  Caused other Italian states to revolt Italian Unification

3.  Giuseppe Garibaldi  Built up an army to take over Southern Italy  Crossed to Sicily  Overthrew the Bourbon Dynasty  Handed over his army and land to Piedmont  March 17, 1861  Italy declared it’s unity under King Victor Emmanuel II  Finished off unification by gaining Venice from Austria and Rome from the French

4. German Unification  Looked for help from Prussia to get them unified  Otto von Bismarck  Prime Minister appointed  Politics of reality  Urged for more military strength  Ruled Prussia with parliament approval  Raised taxes and strengthened military  Didn’t care what people thought  If he didn’t like someone, they heard about it

5. German Unification  Otto von Bismarck  Foreign Policy  1864: War with Denmark  1866: Turned against ally Austria  Northern Germany  Organized themselves into the North German Confederation  Southern Germany  Catholic feared Prussia and France  Feared France more and signed military alliance with Prussia

6. German Unification  Franco-Prussian War  Bismarck forced France to declare war  September 1870  Entire French army and King captured  Surrendered January 1871  France lost  $1 billion dollars  Alsace-Lorraine region to Germany  January 1871  Germany unites under Kaiser William I of Prussia

7. Nationalism and Reform  Great Britain  1832  Increase in male voters from middle class  1850’s and 1860’s  Political and social reform  Increased workers wages  Increased industrialization  Queen Victoria (1837-1901)  Longest reigning queen in English history  Defined what a queen should be

8. Nationalism and Reform  France  Louis-Napoleon  By popular demand claims empire as Emperor Napoleon III  Authoritarian: controlled all aspects of life  Legislative Corps  Elected by universal male suffrage but had no actual power  Expanded economy but took away civil liberities  Improved Paris  Gave legislature more power as time went on

9. Nationalism and Reform  Austrian Empire  Compromise of 1867  Created Austria-Hungary  Each had it’s own constitution, government bureaucracy, and legislature  2 capitals (Vienna and Budapest)  One man controlled both Francis Joseph

10. Nationalism and Reform  Russia  March 1861  Czar Alexander II tried to bring Russia up to Western standards  Emancipation of all serfs  Couldn’t own property but government gave them land  Ultimately led to struggle for the newly freed serfs  Alexander II assassinated and his son went back against the reform movement

11. Nationalism in the US  Abolition movement  The desire to end slavery  Divided the country in half  North was against slavery  South: Slavery was an institution  Led to Civil War (1861-1865)  13 th Amendment abolished slavery

12. Romanticism and Realism

13. Romanticism  Intellectual movement  Reaction to the Enlightenment  Valued individualism (uniqueness of each person)  Feelings, emotion, and imagination for knowledge  Revival of Medieval style

15. Romanticism  Art  Two features  1. Art is reflection of inner feelings  2. Get rid of classical reason for warmth and emotion

16. Eugene Delacroix

17. Romanticism  Music  Ludwig van Beethoven  Third Symphony  Embodied the Romantic ideas

18. Romanticism  Literature  Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe)  Clash between knights in medieval England  Mary Shelley (Frankenstein)  Gothic literature  Edgar Allen Poe (The Raven and other short stories)  Dreams and nightmares  William Wordsworth  Poetry: directory expression of the soul  Love of nature as mirror into humanity

19. New Age of Science  Louis Pasteur  Germ theory of disease  Dmitry Mendeleyev  Classified all chemical elements (Period Table)  Michael Faraday  Created generator for electrical current

20. New Age of Science  Charles Darwin  On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)  Basis for the idea of evolution  Natural selection  Nature decides which organisms survives based on the characteristics they have  “Survival of the fittest”  The Descent of Man  Discusses how humans had animal origins  We were not an exception to the rule

21. Realism  Rejected Romanticism  Showed the middle and lower class struggle  Wanted to show every day life  Gustave Flaubert (Madam Bovary)  Charles Dickens (Oliver Twist)