1. URBANIZATION - CHAPTER 10, SECTION 2 By Mr. Thomas Parsons

2. I. Americans Migrate to the Cities A.The urban population of the United States grew: 1.From about 10 million in 1870 2.To over 30 million by 1900.

3. B.Immigrants remained in the cities 1.They worked long hours for little pay. 2.Still, most immigrants felt their standard of living had improved in the United States.

4. B.Farmers began moving to cities 1.Deflation in crop prices 2.Foreclosures of small farms 3.They found better paying jobs in the cities 4.Improved living conditions: a.electricity, b.running water, c.plumbing, d.and entertainment.

5. II. The New Urban Environment A.Skyscrapers 1.As the price of land increased, building owners began to build up. 2.Skyscrapers, tall steel frame buildings, were constructed for this reason. - Housing and transportation needs changed due to the increase in the amount of people living in cities.

6. B.Mass Transit 1.In the late 1800’s, various kinds of mass transit developed to move large number of people around cities quickly. 2.Beginning with the horsecar, 3.Later more sophisticated electric trolley cars and elevated railroads were developed.

7. 2.Engineers created new ways to move the ever-expanding population around the city a.Subways b.Elevated Trains c.Elevators d.Escalators

8. III. Separation by Class A.Wealthy families lived in the heart of the city where they constructed elaborate homes. - Definite boundaries could be seen between where the wealthy, middle class, and working class people lived. Carnegie Mansion The Vanderbilt Chateau The Frick Mansion

9. B.The middle class, which included doctors, lawyers, engineers, and teachers, tended to live away from the city.

10. C.The majority or urban dwellers were part of the working class who lived in city tenements, or dark and crowded multi-family apartments.

11. IV. Urban Problems A.The growth of cities resulted in an increase in: 1.Crime - From 1880 to 1890, there was a large increase in the murder rate. 2.Fire – close proximity encourage rapid destruction

12. 3.Pollution a.Factory smoke b.Animal waste (horses mostly) c.Inadequate sewage systems d.Contaminated water from sewage e.Garbage in the streets

13. 4.Disease – Cholera, dysentery, typhoid, influenza

14. B.Native born Americans (Nativists) blamed Immigrants for the increase in crime. C.Alcohol contributed to crime in the late 1800s

15. V. Urban Politics A.The new political system needed to cope with the new urban problems. 1.The political machine, an informal political group designed to gain and keep power, provided essential services to city dwellers in exchange for votes. 2.Party bosses ran the political machines. 3.George Plunket, an Irish immigrant, was one of New York City’s most powerful party bosses.

16. B.The party bosses had tight control of the cities money. –Many of the politicians became wealthy due to fraud or graft-getting money through dishonest or questionable means.

17. C.The most famous New York Democratic political machine was Tammany Hall. 1.During the 1860’s and 1870’s, Tammany Hall’s boss was William M. Tweed. 2.He was arrested for corruption and sent to prison in 1872.

18. D.Thomas and James Pendergast 1.Bosses in Kansas City, Missouri. 2.They led state and city politics for 25 years.

19. E.Although corrupt, political machines, 1.did provide important services for new immigrants housing and jobs. 2.they unified people ethnically and politically.