1. C H. 13 U RBAN P ATTERNS Where have urban areas grown?

2. T HE C ITY Mosaic of different sights, sounds, smells, and tastes Upscale high-rises to inner city slums Thriving ethnic neighbourhoods to tract housing suburbs Contrast of poverty and luxury Tokyo Subway

3. 24 HOURS …. Imagine humankind’s time on Earth as a 24-hour day Settlements of more than a hundred people are only about a half-hour old Towns and cities emerged only a few minutes ago Large-scale urbanization began less than 60 seconds ago

4. G UESS THE S KYLINE ….

16. I NTRO In more developed regions, people are increasingly likely to live in suburbs response to conflicting desires Causes & consequences of today’s evolving urban patterns in the US and elsewhere are quite similar 1800 – 3% of ppl live in cities, now ______% Beijing only city to have more than 1 million, today 400+

17. U RBANIZATION 2 dimensions an increase in the # of ppl an increase in % of ppl living in cities Increasing % of People: more than 50% of ppl live in cities for the 1 st time ever measure of development MDCs–75%, LDCs-40% ** Exception is Latin America consequence of change in economic structure urbanization has ended in MDCs, % still increasing in LDCs

18. Increasing # of people: LDCs have more large urban settlements (9 of 10 most populous cities are in LDCs) 1950: 7 of 10 largest cities still in MDCs, rapid growth of cities in LDCs is NOT an indicator of improved level of development but mainly b/c of high NIRs 1. Shanghai 24.2 2. Karachi 23.5 3. Beijing 21.5 4. Lagos 21.3 5. Delhi 16.8 6. Tianjin 15.2 7. Istanbul 14.1 8. Tokyo 13.3 9. Guangzhou 13.1 10. Mumbai 12.5 2016 data (different from textbook)

19. Very large cities are a feature of LDCs –most megacities are in LDCs **Young populations (NIR) + redefining borders + rural to urban migration

20. U RBANIZATION : S AO P AULO, B RAZIL Sao Paulo epitomizes the dynamics of urbanization, especially capitalism. Starting as a coffee exporting center, it had less than 32,000 inhabitants by 1872. Today metropolitan Sao Paulo is a primate city of more than 20 million (*counting surrounding metropolitan area). Economic development and flat land engendered population increase and sprawl, rising land costs in the center, and a boom in construction.

21. U RBANIZATION : S AO P AULO, B RAZIL Economic success is denoted by the high-rises which are a mix of industrial, commercial and professional office blocks, as well as apartment complexes. City planning is only a recent phenomenon. Rural to urban migration is a serious problem and the city’s rapid growth has outstripped its ability to provide jobs, housing and adequate services.

22. D EFINING U RBAN S ETTLEMENTS Difficult to draw boundary between urban & rural; geographers look at both social & physical factors Social: Large size, High density, & Social heterogeneity Physical: Legal definition of a city, Urbanized area, & Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

23. P ROBLEM OF RECOGNIZING URBAN REGIONS There is no agreed-upon international definition of what constitutes a city India defines an urban center as 5,000 inhabitants, with adult males employed primarily in nonagricultural work The United States Census Bureau defines a city as a densely populated area of 2,500 people or more South Africa counts as a city any settlement of 500 or more people