1. Johannesburg, South Africa and São Paulo, Brazil: an Ethnographic Comparison LeAnn Alsop ANT 347 Dr. Bate September 14, 2015

2. Introduction Comparing two cities in very different parts of the world to show that, despite being on different continents with what would appear to be different cultures, these two cities are much more alike than one could initially imagine. Origins Impact of migration, globalization, and transnationalism Effects of class, gender, ethnicity, and power differentials Marginalization of subordinate social groups by power and/or economics Johannesburg city skyline. Retrieved from http://www.afrika- cup.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/johannesburg_02.jpg São Paulo city skyline. Retrieved from https://felipegodoy.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/skyline.jp g

3. Johannesburg Jozi, Joburg, or Egoli (“Place of Gold”) Largest city in South Africa (Statistics South Africa, n.d.) 13 million in metro area (Major Agglomerations of the World, n.d.) Largest city in the world not on a river, lake, or coastline (Johannesburg, South Africa, n.d.). Fueled by migration, globalization and transnationalism. Johannesburg city skyline. Retrieved from http://www.afrika- cup.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/johannesburg_02.jpg

4. São Paulo Largest city in Brazil and South America (São Paulo, Brazil, n.d.). 20 million in metro area (Pardue, 2010, p.159). 1 of every 10 Brazilians live here (Pardue, 2010, p.159). Ethnically and racially diverse. Coffee plantations are a major draw for employment (São Paulo, Brazil, n.d.). São Paulo city skyline. Retrieved from https://felipegodoy.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/skyline.jpg

5. Origins: Johannesburg Gold Nuggets. Retrieved from https://ec89800b15d91130329a- 4253e8b1564fd6da7d45e99fa0be70ae.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/uploads/content/content_13 67637133.jpg Campbell, J. (n.d.). Sotho-Tswana people. Retrieved from http://www.madikwegamereserve.co.za/about/history/ Postcard depicting gold seekers. Retrieved from http://angloboerwarmuseum.com/Boer32_postca rds1.html

6. Origins: Johannesburg Where: North-Eastern part of South Africa in the “highveld” area. Across the Witwatersrand gold reef. When: 1886 How: City planner found“uitvalgrond” (unwanted land) between farms and planned initial streets and settlement here. Done in a hurry (The City Without Water, 2003). Map of original uitvalgrond area where Johannesburg was first built. Retreived from http://wiki.up.ac.za/index.php/Post_Office_building,_R issik_street,_Johannesburg Regional map of Gauteng (cropped to just Johannesburg). Retrieved from http://www.sa- venues.com/maps/gauteng_regional.htm

7. Origins: São Paulo The why: Jesuit priests coming to convert local Indian tribes (Sampaio, 2014). Founding of São Paulo, 1913 painting by Antonio Parreiras. Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wi kipedia/commons/8/81/Ant%C3 %B4nio_Parreiras_- _Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_ S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_1913.jpg

8. Origins: São Paulo Where: São Paulo Plateau, above Serra do Mar. Sixty-two miles (100km) from the Port of Santos (Fix, Arantes, & Tanaka, 2003). When: January 25, 1554 (Sampaio, 2014). How: Small start. Coffee exports grew the city (Fix et al., 2003). Became financial capital of Brazil and a major metropolis by 1950s (Fix et al., 2003). Coffee production. Retrieved from http://www.livingrainforest.org/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/E048-Coffee-production- P.Turvil-image.jpg 1950s Vintage Postcard of downtown São Paulo. Retrieved from http://ecx.images- amazon.com/images/I/71tXPZwSBvL._SX522_.jp g

9. Migration, Globalization & Transnationalism: Johannesburg Immigrants have created a multinational city. Laborers from India and China (Beall, 2015). Center for “commercial, financial, industrial, and mining activities” (Beall, 2015). Economy can be affected by international gold and diamond trade. International companies have transnational headquarters in Joburg. Stock exchange Photos by author’s parents

10. Migration, Globalization & Transnationalism: São Paulo  Large immigrant population (Sampaio, 2014).  Brazil’s main economic and financial hub (Fix et al., 2003).  Moved to service economy in the 1980s.  Created an economic and social polarization of the city (Fix et al., 2003).  “main link to the global economy, and holds almost all local branches of foreign companies and banks, as well as their supportive services” (Fix et al., 2003).

11. Ethnicity: Johannesburg  Racial categories: White, black, colored, and Asian/Indian (Race in South Africa: Still and Issue, 2012). Photo by author

12. Ethnicity: São Paulo  Ethnic categories: Original inhabitants (Amazonian Indians), European settlers, Africans, Migrant workers from Europe, and various mixed race groups.  Largest Japanese population outside of Japan (Handayani, 2011).  Second largest population of people with an African descent (Fix et al., 2003). Main ethnic groups in Brazil retrieved from http://www.nationalstereotype.com/brazilian- stereotypes/

13. Class: Johannesburg (Top Left) View of Houghton, Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/6245886 (Top Right) Soweto Township. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/sea-turtle/260871619 (Bottom) Squatter camp on the Jukskei river. Retrieved from http://2summers.net/2011/10/03/alex-joburgs-other- township/ Johannesburg train. Retrieved from http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content &id=64&Itemid=71

14. (Top left) BRT station. Retrieved from http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com _content&view=article&id=4472:rea-vaya-is- popular&catid=131:transport&Itemid=213 http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com _content&view=article&id=4472:rea-vaya-is- popular&catid=131:transport&Itemid=213 (Top right) Johannesburg train. Retrieved from http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com _content&id=64&Itemid=71 http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com _content&id=64&Itemid=71 (Bottom) Minibus Taxi. Photo by author’s mother. Class continued…

15. Class: São Paulo (Bottom) Favela in São Paulo. Retrieved from http://acuns.org/displacement-by-development-ethics-rights- and-responsibilities/ (Upper left) Cortico in São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.yannarthusbertrand2.org/index.php?option=com _datsogallery&Itemid=2&func=detail&catid=4&id=711&lang =en&l=1280 (Upper right) Government housing project in são Paulo. Retrieved from http://edificandoetecjm.spaceblog.com.br/10/

16. (Upper left) Some transportation options in São Paulo. Retrieved from http://viatrolebus.com.br/2012/08/grupo- internacional-c40-diz-que-metro-nao-e-a-solucao- para-as-cidades/ (Upper right) Traffic jam in São Paulo. Retrieved from http://www.demotix.com/news/1237170/traffic- congestion-continues-plague-sao-paulo#media- 1237130 (Bottom) Helicopter taxi over São Paulo. Retrieved from http://studytour.intermate.nl/itinerary/sao- paulo/ Class continued…

17. Gender  Males control most high- level positions.  Culture perpetuates male- domination  Women frequently victims of attack & left with the blame.  More women becoming better educated & moving up in social status.

18. Gender  More women unemployed than men.  19.8% for women  16.2% for men  (Fix et al., 2003, p.7)  Women striving for better education and representation.  More in high profile jobs.  Female mayor! (Fix et al., 2003, p.7)

19. Dominant & subordinate social groups: Johannesburg Dominant  Apartheid: White were dominant social group (Czegledy, 2004).  Controlled all of the politics, businesses, and social landscape (Czegledy, 2004).  Post-apartheid:  Now majority black are dominant in political front  African National Congress (ANC) main political group.  Whites still remain primary higher class. Subordinate  Apartheid: black and coloreds.  Post-apartheid:  Blacks still generally not the higher class.  Coloreds still “lesser race”.  Immigrants – especially blacks from other African countries

20. Dominant & Subordinate Social Groups: São Paulo  Follow along the division of classes.  Higher classes have more power.  Lower classes (especially those in Favelas) more subordinate.

21. Marginalization  Intense xenophobia  Mostly directed at foreign black immigrants.  Frequent attacks on homes and businesses.  Can’t create permanent home.  Struggle to maintain employment.  In response to general lack of housing and employment.  No solutions found yet.  Things to help:  Better infrastructure with healthier economic growth.  Solve corruption in government.  More reliable city services.

22. Marginalization  Residents of favelas and cortiços.  Considered “cancers” and “wounds” (Fix et al., 2003, p.11).  Favelas residents viewed as the worst  Seen as moochers, not paying anything, placing a strain on community resources (Fix et al., 2003, p.11).  Attempt to conceal where they live (Fix et al., 2003, p.11).  Try to move out as quickly as possible (Pardue, 2010).  Lack of formal education & change in economics makes employment difficulty to find.  City is trying to help (Fix et al., 2003, p.25).

23. Conclusion  Johannesburg  Diverse from the start  Fueled by migration, globalization, and transnationalism.  Races and classes continue to be segregated because of urban planning.  Need:  More honest city government  Better access to jobs and services  More appropriate uses of city funds  More mobility between communities  São Paulo  Diverse from early on.  Lack of jobs and proper housing  Lower class residents face prejudices and struggle to move up.  Need:  Increase jobs and services – especially to lower income areas.  Create better, affordable transportation.

24. Reference:  Beall, J. (2015). Johannesburg. In Academic World Book. Retrieved from http://www.worldbookonline.com/academic/article?id=ar289020  Czegledy, A. (2004). Getting around town: Transportation and the built environment in post-apartheid South Africa. City & Society. 16(2). 63-92. Retrieved from the AnthroSource database.  Davie, L. (n.d.). Joburg’s Earliest Settlers. Retrieved from http:// www.joburg.org.za/index.php? option=com_content&task=view&id=270&Itemid=51  Fix, M., Arantes, P., & Tanaka, G. (2003). Urban Slums Report: The Case of São Paulo, Brazil. Retrieved from http://www.usp.br/fau/depprojeto/labhab/ biblioteca/textos/fix_saopaulo-cityreport.pdfhttp://www.usp.br/fau/depprojeto/labhab/  Handayani, P. (2011). A Melting Pot in the southern hemisphere. Retrieved from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/17/a-melting-pot-southern- hemisphere.html http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/17/a-melting-pot-southern-

25. Reference continued:  How Was Johannesburg Named? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.joburg.org.za/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=275&Itemid=51  Johannesburg, South Africa. (n.d.). Urban Space Virtual Tour. Retrieved from https://bridgepoint.equella.ecollege.com/curriculum/file/c3471465-d1b6-47c8- a73f-fc3dd3cd8095/1/ANT347%20Urban%20Space%20Virtual%20Tour.zip/ story.html  Major Agglomerations of the World. (n.d.). Retrieved August 31, 2015 from http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html  Messina, B. (2013). Brazil’s Booming Luxury Market. Retrieved from http:// fashionbi.com/newspaper/brazil-s-booming-luxury-market  Pardue, D. (2010). In Motion: Transportation and Knowledge in São Paulo. In Gmelch, G., Kemper, R.V., & Zenner, W.P. (Eds), Urban Life: Readings in the Anthropology of the City (5 th Ed.), (pp.157-169). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.

26. Reference continued:  Phillips, T. (2008). High above São Paulo’s choked streets, the rich cruise a new highway. theGuardian.com. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/ 2008/jun/20/brazilhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/  Race in South Africa: Still an Issue. (2012). Economist.com. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/21546062 http://www.economist.com/node/21546062  Sampaio, L. (2014, February 18). History of Sao Paulo. Retrieved from http:// www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/sp/br/a-cidade-de-sao-paulo  Sao Paolo, Brazil. (n.d.). Urban Space Virtual Tour. Retrieved from https:// bridgepoint.equella.ecollege.com/curriculum/file/c3471465-d1b6-47c8-a73f- fc3dd3cd8095/1/ANT347%20Urban%20Space%20Virtual%20Tour.zip/story.ht ml  Statistics South Africa. (n.d.). City of Johannesburg. Retrieved August 31, 2015 from http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021&id=city-of-johannesburg- municipality

27. Reference continued:  The City Without Water. (2003). Retrieved from http://www.joburg.org.za/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=276&Itemid=51  Three Georges Strike Pay Dirt. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.joburg.org.za/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=273&Itemid=51  van Bruggen, L. (2015). ‘Kick out the Foreigners’ understanding the May 2008 violence in the Johannesburg area. Retrieved from Utrecht University Repositoryat http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/316996