1. Mrs.Kummer Fall, 2014

2. Two Methods Distillation: heating saltwater to evaporate salt from ocean water and condensing vapor to liquid freshwater Reverse Osmosis (RO): using high pressure to force saltwater through a membrane filter with pores small enough to remove salt

3. Design Brief Develop a process to desalinate sea-water using 75% recycled materials. Create a reflective structure to focus sunlight on a water containment device in order to separate salt from the water through evaporation.

4. Research Average Temperature-26 Celsius. Over 20 days without rain in July and August on average. Most of the water in Samoa is polluted. Population is located on the coast mostly. People need 2 liters of water a day to be healthy.

5. Brainstorming Ideas Panel Cooker Parabolic Cooker Box Cooker Parabolic Panel Box

6. Parabolic Cooker Would be built out of an umbrella covered in aluminum foil with a 2 liter bottle attached to the shaft. Needs to be adjusted to face the sun every ten minutes. Would be fairly simple to make. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/SOLAR_COOKER_001.JPG&imgrefurl

7. Panel Cooker Consists of panels of cardboard covered in aluminum foil. Does not need to be adjusted to face the sun often. Would take more time to make than the box or the parabolic.

8. Box Cooker Built out of 2 cardboard boxes and a lid covered in aluminum foil. Does not need to be adjusted to face the sun often. Would not take long to make and is very simple.

9. Containment Device After the water from the 2 liter bottle is boiled is would condense on plastic wrap above it. It would then fall into a aluminum tin that would be next to the bottle.

10. Pictures

11. The Desalinator

12. Bibliography Brain, Marshall. (2009, May 21). How do they desalinate water to make it drinkable?. Retrieved from http://blogs.howstuffworks.com/2009/05/21/how-do-they-desalinate- water-to-make-it-drinkable/ Brown, Richard. (n.d.). How to make a parabolic mirror. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how_4612737_parabolic-mirror.html#ixzz1CdyG5Ch4 Cable, William J, and Asuao Malaki Iakopo. "Samoa’s fresh waters: a need to protect its quantity and quality." mnre.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan 2011.. How long can you survive without water?. Retrieved from http://www.survivaltopics.com/survival/how-long-can-you-survive-without-water/ none,. (2005, January 16). Samoa-geography. Retrieved from http://www.classbrain.com/art_cr/publish/samoa_geography.shtm none,. (1998, July 23). Samoa-climate. Retrieved from http://www.classbrain.com/art_cr/publish/samoa_geography.shtml "Samoa- Climate." Samoan Sensation. N.p., November 23, 1997. Web. 31 Jan 2011.. "What is a Watershed." United States Environmental Protecion Agency. EPA, November 17, 2009. Web. 30 Jan 2011..

13. Pros for Desalination Pros:  Freshwater can be delivered to areas that are in dire need of freshwater (CA, AZ, Africa, Middle East, China)  Freshwater would become “abundant” instead of “non-renewable”  Everyone would win, right?

14. Cons for Desalination VERY expensive process VERY big energy footprint (for both methods, distillation and reverse osmosis) Distillation method is 10X more energy than RO HUGE impact to marine organisms by pumping large quantities of ocean water into pipes and using chemicals to sterilize the water/remove algae HUGE by-product of “briny wastewater” produced in both processes: highly concentrated level of salt in a solution that is then dumped back into ocean to “dillute/dissolve”