1. Chapter 8 & 9

2. Phylum Chordata Chordates – “back cord”
All possess a nerve cord along the back (ours = spinal cord)
Vertebrates: possess a backbone
Two invertebrate group: tunicates and lancelets
Major groups:
Urochordates (tunicates)
Cephalochordates (lancelets)
Fishes Aves (Birds)
Amphibia Reptilia
Mammalia

4. Invertebrate Chordates Possess a nerve cord but no backbone
Subphylum: Urochordata
Subphylum: cephalochordata
Tunicates
Contain a nerve cord and notochord during larval stage
Sometimes called sea squirts or sea siphons
Lancelets
Possess a nerve cord and a notochord

5. Is Fishes a Real Word? Example: tuna and bass = 2 fishes
YES!
Fishes – referring to more than one species of fish
Example: tuna and bass = 2 fishes
Fish – referring to more than one of the same species
Example: tuna and tuna = 2 fish

6. Class: Chondrichthyes Skeleton made of cartilage Class: Osteichthyes
Fishes: Three Groups
Class: Agnatha
Hagfish and lampreys
jawless fish
Class: Chondrichthyes
Skates, rays, and sharks
cartilaginous fish
Skeleton made of cartilage
Class: Osteichthyes
bony fish
Skeleton made of bone
Majority of fish

7. Fish Hiding Techniques: To see and not be seen
Excellent eyesight
Well developed hearing
Lateral Line – organ along body of fish to detect vibrations
Coloration:
Camouflage
Countershading

8. Fish: Basic Terms and Parts
Relative terms
Dorsal – refers to anything on the back
Ventral – refers to anything on the underside
Fins
Pectoral – on side of fish
Anal – rear of ventral side of fish
Pelvic – toward front of ventral side
Dorsal – on the back of the fish
Caudal – tail

9. Mouth
Bony fish usually have a terminal mouth (front of the face)
Cartilaginous fish usually have a ventral mouth (under the face)
Mouth shape is particular to diet
Gills
Along side of head, for breathing
Extract dissolved oxygen from water

10. v

12. Class: Amphibia Marine Amphibians?
Ex of amphibians: frogs, salamanders
Require water to remove waste
Salt water will cause them to dehydrate
b/c water will flow out of instead of into their skin
Therefore, none are marine
Some Asian frogs can tolerate high salinities for a period of time
So… the answer is NO

13. Class: Reptilia
Representatives in the ocean: turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles
Ectothermic (cold- blooded)
Breathe air with lungs
Covered in scales
Salt glands to excrete salt
Most live in tropics to stay warm

14. Class: Aves “Birds” Examples: Gulls, Pelicans, Penguins
Endothermic (warm blooded)
Thin, hollow bones
Lightweight beak instead of teeth
Salt excreting glands
Generally avoid land, unless breeding

15. Article: “A Long Drink of Water” -Natural History Magazine
Based on the title and the 1st paragraph, predict the main idea of this article.
How do marine birds and reptiles eliminate excess salt?
What observations were made about sea snakes by Dunson and Guinea?
List the experimental procedure used by the author at National Taiwan University.
What was the conclusion of that experiment?
What did the author observe about exclusively marine sea snakes?
List the observations and tests done at Orchid Island.
What did the author conclude from his studies at Orchid Island?
Why is it important to know these things?

16. Class: Mammalia “breast”
All mammals feed their young with milk
Three orders of marine mammals
Cetacea: porpoises, dolphins, whales
Carnivora: seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters
Sirenia: manatees, dugongs

17. Class Mammalia: Order Cetacea = whales
Size range: 1.8m – 33m; up to 100,000kg
Forelimbs: used for steering
Tail: horizontal for propulsion
Thick layer of blubber
Insulation
Buoyancy
Nostrils on top of head (blow hole)
Breath air using lungs

21. Search using echolocation
Suborder: Odontoceti (Toothed whales)
Ex: orca, dolphins
Largest: sperm whale
Use teeth to catch prey
Search using echolocation
Suborder :Mysticeti (Baleen whales)
Ex: humpback whales, blue whale
Have no teeth
Use a baleen to filter
out food (sort of like
brushes or bristles)
Eat krill

22. Class Mammalia: Order Carnivora = flesh devouring
Suborder : Pinnipedia (wing foot)
Seals, sea lions, and walruses
Leave the ocean to mate and raise young
Suborder : Fissipedia (split foot)
Sea otters, polar bears (also dogs and cats, although they’re not marine)

23. Class Mammalia: Order Sirenia = Mermaid
Ex. Manatee, dugong
Only herbivorous marine mammals
Graze on sea grass, marine algae, and marsh plants
Slow moving, lethargic, small brains