1. The First Modern War

2. The Two Armies After Bull Run George McClellan organizes the Union army into the Army of the Potomac The Confederates organize their force into the Army of Northern Virginia

3. The Rifled Musket By 1860 almost all military muskets were rifled A rifle has groves in its barrel that puts an aerodynamic spin on the bullet as it exits the muzzle of the musket Most Civil War muskets had the ability to hit a target over half a mile away

4. Minie Ball The musket fired a large, soft lead bullet called a minie ball The bullet mushroomed or flattened when it hit its target

5. Steam Powered Iron-Clad Ships The battle between USS monitor and CSS Virginia (Merrimack) on March 8, 1862 was the first sea battle between iron ships

6. Rapid Fire Weapons Invention of rapid fire weapons Gatling Gun and repeating Spencer and Henry Rifles

7. Submarine The CSA developed the first successful combat submarine CSS Hunley sank the USS Housatonic on February 14, 1864

8. Observation Balloons Union was the first to use observation balloons in warfare September 24, 1861 the Union used a balloon to direct fire on Confederate positions three miles away

9. Photojournalism The Civil War was the first photographed war Over 1 million photographs were taken of the war Allowed people on the home front to “experience” war and “see” war for the first time

13. Telecommunications The telegraph permitted generals to communicate rapidly with their forces in the field Journalists could file stories with newspapers rapidly, thus keeping public support for the war high

14. Railroads US had an extensive railroad network by 1860 Enabled the Union Army to move troops and war materials by rail

15. Railroad Lines, 1860