1. The Planting of English America 1500 - 1733

3. Why was England last to Colonize? n Domestic issues delay English interest in exploration u Religious u Political u Economical

4. n Henry VII (1485-1509) u Tudor Rulers n Henry VIII (1509-1547) u Splits from Catholic Rome u English Reformation u Religious power struggle ensues for decades in England

5. n Queen Elizabeth I (1558- 1603) u Brings nation together u Protestantism becomes dominant u Creates rivalry with Catholic Spain

6. Early English Exploration n John and Sebastian Cabot (1497) u Italians sailing for England u Search for the Northwest Passage n Ireland (1560-1570’s) u Brutal treatment of Irish

7. n Sir Francis Drake (1577- 1580) u sails around globe u loots Spanish gold u brings Elizabeth tons of gold u Frank the Pirate

8. n Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583) u Establishes a pirate base in Newfoundland

9. n Sir Walter Raleigh (1587) u Establishes the colony of Roanoke in North Carolina F Names region “Virginia” F Virginia Dare was first English child born in America

10. F 1590 - leader John White returns from supply trip to England to find colony missing (“lost colony”) F “Croatan” is carved on a tree

11. The Spanish Armada n 1588 – Spain launches 130 ship attack on England u “Protestant Wind”

12. n English victory ensures British naval dominance of the North Atlantic n Turning point in world power n Promoted English Nationalism

13. The Eve of Empire n James I (1603 - 1625) u Great Britain formed n Enclosure Movement u forced peasants off the land and into cities

14. n Primogeniture u only eldest son inherited land u forced younger sons to seek their fortune as adventurers (Gilbert, Raleigh, Drake) n By the 1600’s England had: u “surplus” population u high unemployment u peace with Spain

15. Joint-Stock Companies n Early modern corporation n Investors pool capital to make a profit n Two companies formed & given charters by King James: u Virginia Co. of Plymouth u Virginia Co. of London

16. Early English Colonies n Privately funded u Sought PROFITS n “Transplants” of English u Did not blend in to New World n Loosely tied to the Crown u Formed own political & social institutions

18. English Migration: 1610-1660

19. The Jamestown Settlement n James I gave charter to London Co. u Guaranteed same rights as if still in England n 1607 – Jamestown established in Virginia u 104 men u Not settling, looking for gold

20. Jamestown Settlement Map

21. Problems in Virginia n London Company ordered men to search for gold and the Northwest Passage n Settlement site poorly chosen – malarial swamp n Uneasy relations with natives (Powhatan)

22. Chesapeake Bay

23. Powhatan Confederacy

24. n Men were mostly upper class adventurers u unaccustomed to hard work n No long-term plans for food n By 1608: 38 cannibals left n Died from disease, malnutrition, & starvation

25. n 1608 – Captain John Smith u forces settlers to work toward survival u “He who works not, eats not.” u Smith was captured by Powhatan tribe & saved by Pocahontas

26. u Smith got corn from Indians & forced men to plant as the Indians did u Smith was injured in a mysterious explosion and is forced to return to England u Colonists abandoned Smith’s work rules but colony doing better

27. n Winter of 1609-10: “The Starving Time” u 1608-1610: 500 arrive u 1610: 60 left n Lord De La Warr n 1607-1624: 8000 arrive u By 1625, only 1200 colonists survived

28. John Rolfe and Tobacco n 1612 - John Rolfe began growing a mild strain of tobacco in Virginia u Pocahontas taught him u Married her & took her to England

29. Pocahontas

30. n Tobacco’s popularity in Europe brought prosperity to the colony u “Virginia Gold” n Required lots of land and labor to grow u Settlers moved further inland

31. n Headright System u 50 acres given to anyone paying the way of an indentured servant n Indentured Servants u Sold labor for 5-7 years in exchange for passage u “freedom dues”

32. Virginia

33. n 1619 - Dutch ship brought first 20 Africans to America u under “limited servitude” u By 1670, Africans are fully enslaved

34. House of Burgesses n 1619 - 1st General Assembly “The House of Burgesses” meets

35. n Granting English rights increases colonization n Local gov’t control given

36. More Problems for Virginia n Unhealthy conditions and unruly colonists increased the need for indentured servants and slaves n Small farms gave way to large plantations u wealthy owners controlled the Assembly

37. Jamestown Colonization Pattern: 1620-1660

38. n Indian massacres in 1622 led James I to revoke the charter u made Virginia a Royal Colony u Established dictatorial governors & limited political rights

39. Powhatan Uprising (1622)

40. Maryland: Catholic Haven n 1634 - Lord Baltimore & son established Maryland as a haven for Catholics

41. n Proprietary Colony u Privately owned & operated n Baltimore gave large estates of land to his Catholic friends and relatives n Small farms owned by Protestants surrounded the large estates

42. Colonization of Maryland

43. n Maryland flourished by growing tobacco n 1649 - Act of Toleration u gave rights to all Christians

44. The Carolinas n 1663 – 8 nobles are granted land south of Virginia and found the colony of Carolina n Motivations: u Economic u Military

45. n Southern Carolina u looked like West Indies u port of Charleston u rice plantations -- needing lots of slave labor u highly structured society u RICH!

46. Rice & Indigo Exports from SC & GA: 1698-1775

47. n Northern Carolina u poor outcasts from Virginia u smaller farms (squatters) u runaway ind. Servants u lawless, wild individuals n 1729 – North Carolina and South Carolina separated

48. Georgia: The Buffer n 1732 - James Oglethorpe was granted a charter as a trustee n Motivations: u Military - buffer colony between English and Spanish u Philanthropic – the poor

49. The “Buffer”

50. n Became a haven for debtors and the impoverished n Original restrictions: u no slavery u plantation size limited u no Catholics n Removed by charter in 1752 u ended up like SC

51. Carolinas & Georgia

52. Southern Colonies n Maryland, Virginia, N & S Carolina, & Georgia n plantation colonies n staple crops (tobacco, rice) n ind. servants & slavery n aristocratic atmosphere n religion not a huge factor

53. Quickwrite: Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?