1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART C Cells and Tissues

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Synthesis  Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein  Proteins have many functions  Building materials for cells  Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)  RNA is essential for protein synthesis

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Role of RNA  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built  Messenger RNA  Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transcription and Translation  Transcription  Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA  Translation  Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Synthesis Figure 3.16

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Tissues  Cells are specialized for particular functions  Tissues  Groups of cells with similar structure and function  Four primary types  ____________

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial Tissues  Found in different areas  __________________  Functions  ____________

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelium Characteristics  Cells ____ ___________ ___________  Tissue layer always has _____ _____ surface (________ ______)  The lower surface is bound by a __________ __________ (supported by connective tissue)  ___________ (have no blood supply)  ______________ easily if well nourished

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Epithelium  Number of cell layers  ________ – one layer  _________ – more than one layer Figure 3.17a

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Epithelium  Shape of cells  _________ – flattened  _________ – cube-shaped  __________ – column-like Figure 3.17b

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Epithelium  Simple squamous  Single layer of flat cells  Usually forms ____________  Lines body _______  Lines ______ and ___________ Figure 3.18a

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Epithelium  Simple cuboidal  Single layer of cube-like cells  Common in ______ and their _________  Forms walls of ______tubules  Covers the _________ Figure 3.18b

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Epithelium  Simple columnar  Single layer of tall cells  Often includes ______ cells, which produce ________  Lines _________ tract Figure 3.18c

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Epithelium  Pseudostratified  Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others  Often looks like a double cell layer  Sometimes _______, such as in the __________ tract  May function in _________ or ______________ Figure 3.18d

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Epithelium  Stratified squamous  Cells at the free edge are flattened  Found as a ________ covering where ________ is common  Locations  _________  ______________ Figure 3.18e

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Epithelium  Stratified cuboidal  Two layers of cuboidal cells  Stratified columnar  Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape  Stratified cuboidal and columnar  Rare in human body  Found mainly in ______ of large _______

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Epithelium  ___________ epithelium  Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching  Lines organs of the _______ system Figure 3.18f

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glandular Epithelium  Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product  Two major gland types  __________ gland  ___________  Secretions are __________  __________ gland  Empty through _______ to the ___________ surface  Include _________ and _____ glands

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue  Found everywhere in the body  Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues  Functions  _____________________________

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in __________ __________  Some tissue types are well ___________  Some have poor blood supply or are ___________  _____________ _______  _____________ material that surrounds living cells