1. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

2. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 Chapter 1 Observation Skills By the end of this chapter you will be able to: 1.1 Define observation and describe what changes occur in the brain while observing. 1.2 Describe examples of factors influencing eyewitness accounts of events. 1.3 Compare the reliability of eyewitness testimony with what actually happened. 2

3. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 Chapter 1 Observation Skills By the end of this chapter you will be able to: 1.4 Relate observation skills to their use in forensic science. 1.5 Define forensic science. 1.6 Practice and improve your own observation skills. 3

4. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 o analytical skills o deductive reasoning o eyewitness o fact o forensic 4 Chapter 1 Vocabulary o logical o observations o opinion o perception

5. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 Introduction o A forensic investigator must be able to clearly: Observe Interpret Report 5

6. All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 6

7. All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 What Is Observation? (continued) 7

8. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 8 What Is Observation? (continued) o Our brains selectively take in information. o We unconsciously apply filters. o Paying attention to the details of your surroundings requires a conscious effort.

9. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 9 What Is Observation? (continued) o Perception is Limited Faulty Not always accurate Not always reflective of reality

10. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 10 Observations by Witnesses o Observations are affected by: Emotional states Whether you are alone or with a group of people The number of people and/or animals in the area The type of activity that is going on around you How much activity is occurring around you

11. All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 11

12. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 12 Eyewitness Accounts o Eyewitness accounts of crime scene- events vary considerably based on: Level of interest Stress Concentration The amount and kind of distractions present

13. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 13 Eyewitness Accounts (continued) Prejudices Personal beliefs Motives Any lapse in time since the event

14. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 14 The Innocence Project o Created by Barry C. Scheck and Peter J. Neufeld in 1992 o Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

15. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 15 The Innocence Project (continued) o Used DNA to examine post-conviction cases to conclusively decide guilt or innocence o Faulty eyewitness identification accounted for up to 87% of wrongful convictions

16. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 16 How to be a Good Observer 1. Observe systematically Start at one part of a crime scene and run your eyes slowly over every space. Look carefully at everything you see. When examining a piece of evidence on a microscope slide, look systematically in every part of the evidence.

17. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 17 How to be a Good Observer (continued) 2. Turn off filters. Consciously observe everything. Act like a data-gathering robot.

18. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 18 How to be a Good Observer (continued) 3. Avoid jumping to conclusions. Concentrate on gathering all of the available information. Leave the interpretation until all information is gathered.

19. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 19 How to be a Good Observer (continued) 4. Compensate for faulty memories. Write down and photograph as much information as possible. Documentation is also important when acting as an expert witness. Even the verbal testimony of a forensic scientist requires proper documentation.

20. All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 20

21. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 21 Observations in Forensics o Forensic science Is strictly concerned with uncovering evidence that stands as fact Uses science to help in legal matters, such as crimes

22. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 22 Observations in Forensics (continued) o A forensic investigator Is not interested in making the suspect look guilty Is only interested in collecting and examining physical evidence Reports evidence to investigators and courts

23. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 What Forensic Scientists Do o Find, examine, and evaluate evidence from a crime scene o Apply scientific knowledge to analyze the crime scene o Be a persuasive communicator who is able to convince a jury that his/her analysis is both reliable and accurate 23

24. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 o Our ability to observe is affected by our environment and the natural filters of sensory information in our brains. o The observations of witnesses to crimes can be faulty, but in some cases can be precise. o The Innocence Project has found that up to 87 percent of their wrongful conviction cases resulted from flawed eyewitness testimony. 24 Summary

25. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 1 All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016 o Police officers and crime-scene investigators are trained in good observation practices. o Forensic scientists find, examine, photograph, document, and evaluate evidence from a crime scene and provide expert testimony to courts. 25 Summary (continued)