1. Economic Recovery Sparks Change Chapter 7 Section 4

2. Agricultural Revolution Peasants adopt new farming techniques By 800’s they were using iron plows (dug deeper into soil) new harnesses and horses to pull plows Faster production = larger farms

3. Expanded mannor 3 field system: planted grain on 1/3 legumes(peas, beans) on 1/3 and left 1/3 unplanted. Led to more food and rising population. Tripled between 1000 and 1300 A.D.

4. Revival of Trade Trade expanded, feudal warfare and invasions declined and crusades brought new luxury goods to Europe. Traders went out in armies to protect themselves and expand trade routes. German towns built lighthouses and expanded sea trading.

5. Growth of towns and cities When the weather got bad traders would settle in or near castles, this led to cities increasing in size. 10,000 around 1,000 A.D. to some cities over 100,000 by 14th century. Italy and flanders Cities set up charters: written document set out rights and privileges in cities.

6. Commercial Revolution Led to increase in money, creation of banks and credit extensions. Merchants began joining together. Adopted form of giving credit or bills instead of carrying gold around

7. New money economy led to the fall of serfdom, serfs would sell crops and pay rent to lords.

8. Jews Because Christians were not allowed to lend money at interest, Jews did. This leads to an anti Jewish prejudice.

9. Rise of the middle class By 1000 merchants, artisans, and traders formed a new social class. Despise by nobles and clergy. Formed guilds: associations formed by merchants and artisans. Ran by people of same job skill. Comparable to unions, however worked to improve towns or cities.

10. Becoming a guild member Apprentice Journeyman Guild master

11. Town and city life As populations grew, cities grew. Once a castle became overcrowded people began building houses along streets on outside of castle. Unsanitary, overcrowded, noisy, crowded during day, deserted at night.