1. MINERALS PART II

2. Agenda Minerals Review Formation Sources Deposition Locations Acquisition - Mining Processing Uses Field Trips

3. Mineral Review Definition (4 Parts) Properties Physical Chemical Characteristic/Diagnostic Groups

4. Mineral Formation

5. Mineral Paragenesis: Process of mineral formation and deposition. Bowens Reaction Series Continuous – (Feldspars) Discontinuous

6. What is Magma? Magma – Hot chemical stew of molten rock, with temperatures of 800 o C to 1,000 o C.

7. Mineral Formation: Fractional Crystallization As magma cools; ions lose mobility and arrange themselves into crystalline structures (i.e., minerals.

8. Mineral Formation: Fractional Crystallization Minerals with the highest melting point crystalize first (i.e., mafic minerals – olivine, pyroxene, calcium feldspar). Minerals with the lowest melting point crystalize last ( i.e., felsic minerals - quartz, potasium feldspar) As mafic minerals crystalize, remaining liquid is enriched in felsic minerals – magma becomes more felsic.

9. Mineral Formation:Fractional Crystallization

10. Bowen’s Reaction Series 2 Groups Continuous Series Discontinuous Series New Minerals formed due to changes in temperature and pressure.

11. f04_26_pg62 BOWENS REACTION SERIES

12. t04_03_pg51

13. 2 Groups of Silicate Minerals Felsic Minerals Content: Silicon, Oxygen, Aluminum, Potassium, Sodium Lighter Color Greater Density Low Temperature Formation Mafic Minerals Content: Iron, Magnesium, Calcium (Feromag) Darker in Color Smaller Density High Temperature Formation

14. Sources of Minerals

15. 3 Sources of Minerals 1. Juvenile Magma: Molten material below the surface (Basaltic Composition). 2. Remelted Crustal Material: (Granitic Composition) 3. Hydrothermal Fluids: Circulation of surface waters remove metals from host rocks and redeposit them.

16. Movement of Mineral Forming Materials

17. Movement of Ore-Forming Fluids Causes of movement: High vapor pressures of volatile-rich fluids. Pressures from mountain-building forces. Joints, faults, volcanic tubes channeling the fluids.

18. Mineral Deposition

19. Deposition Process Movement of Molten Material or hydrothermal fluids. Concentration and Deposition of Mineral Deposits

20. Movement of Ore-Forming Fluids Causes of movement: High vapor pressures of volatile-rich fluids. Pressures from mountain-building forces. Joints, faults, volcanic tubes channeling the fluids.

21. Concentration of Mineral Deposits Direct Deposit - Minerals deposited in cavities and cracks near the source of the molten material. Rock Replacement - Some types of rocks are susceptible to replacement by minerals – limestone & dolomite. Oxidation & Secondary Enrichment – Changes due to exposure to the atmosphere and weathering processes.

22. Mineral Locations

23. Mineral Deposit Locations http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1294/

24. Mineral Acquisition “Mining”

25. Mineral Acquisition Ore: Rock containing economically mineable minerals. Mineral deposits are not uniformly distributed in the Earth’s crust nor did they all form at the same time. In certain regions, conditions were favorable for the concentration of useful minerals. There regions are termed mineralogenetic provinces and they contain broadly similar types of deposits, or deposits with different mineral assemblages that appear to be genetically related.

26. Mineral Acquisition Preliminary Activities Discovery of ore body. Size estimation of ore body. Define accessibility of ore body. Define methods for removing ore body. Define financial reward of ore body. Profit Technical Requirements Risks/Liabilities

27. Mineral Acquisition Ore Acquisition Ore Type Placer Deposit Lode Deposit Surface Open-pit mining Strip Mining Subsurface Tunnels/Shafts Leaching

28. Mineral Processing

29. Crush Material Separate Ore from Waste (Tailings) Concentrate Ores Smelting (Melting) Electrolytic Processing Chemical Additions Leaching Ship processed minerals to manufacturers

30. Mineral Uses

31. Precious Metals and stones Electronics Building Materials Tools Insulators Conductors

32. Mineral Uses http//www.nwma.org/education/Uses%20fo r%20Minerals.htm http//www.scienceviews.com/geology/miner als.html http//www.mii.org/commonminerals.php http//webmineral.com/Alphabetical_Listing. shtml http//www.webmineral.com/

33. Mineral Field Trips

34. Information Sources USGS CORP ENGINEERS Universities Mining Companies Parks & Recreation Locations Mines Quarries Road Cuts Rivers/Beaches/Creeks Mountains Equipment/Materials Hammer/Pick/Shovel/Chis el Protective Goggles Maps Collecting Bags Storage Containers Permits/Schedules Notebook Hand Lens Mineral ID Manuel Camera Compass

35. Mineral Field Trips http://www.minerals.net/resource/finding.htm

36. THE END