1. 2.8 Cell respiration: Cell respiration supplies energy for the functions of life. Nature of science: Assessing the ethics of scientific research—the use of invertebrates in respirometer experiments has ethical implications. Understandings:  Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.  ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell.  Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose.  Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose.  Details of the metabolic pathways of cell respiration are not needed but the substrates and final waste products should be known. Applications and skills:  Application: Use of anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in baking.  Application: Lactate production in humans when anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of muscle contractions.  Skill: Analysis of results from experiments involving measurement of respiration rates in germinating seeds or invertebrates using a respirometer. Students are expected to know that an alkali is used to absorb CO 2, so reductions in volume are due to oxygen use. Temperature should be kept constant to avoid volume changes due to temperature fluctuations. The ethics of the use of animals in experiments could be discussed in relation to respirometer experiments. Topic 2: Molecular biology (21 hours)

2. 2.9 Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis uses the energy in sunlight to produce the chemical energy needed for life. Nature of science: Experimental design—controlling relevant variables in photosynthesis experiments is essential. Understandings:  Photosynthesis is the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy.  Visible light has a range of wavelengths with violet the shortest wavelength and red the longest. Visible light has wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometres, but they are not expected to recall the wavelengths of specific colours of light.  Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most effectively and reflects green light more than other colours.  Oxygen is produced in photosynthesis from the photolysis of water.  Energy is needed to produce carbohydrates and other carbon compounds from carbon dioxide.  Temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration are possible limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis. Applications and skills:  Application: Changes to the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and rock deposition due to photosynthesis.  Skill: Drawing an absorption spectrum for chlorophyll and an action spectrum for photosynthesis.  Skill: Design of experiments to investigate the effect of limiting factors on photosynthesis. PRACTICAL: Separation of photosynthetic pigments by chromatograph. Paper chromatography can be used to separate photosynthetic pigments but thin layer chromatography gives better results. Topic 2: Molecular biology (21 hours)

3. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → Carbon dioxide and water are the reactants in photosynthesis. 1.What happens to the carbon atoms from CO 2 ? 2.What happens to the oxygen atoms from CO 2 ? 3.What happens to the hydrogen atoms from H 2 O? 4.What happens to the oxygen atoms from H 2 O? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 How do you think you could measure how much photosynthesis a plant is doing? Measure O 2 produced, CO 2 consumed, or biomass of the plant!

4. Biology Journal 1/27/2016 What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 What happens to CO 2 in photosynthesis? What happens to H 2 O in photosynthesis? CO 2 stays mostly intact. Hydrogen atoms are “fixed” to CO 2, making glucose. (Some of the O’s are given off as O 2.) H 2 O is split, using the energy from sunlight. This is called photolysis. The H + ions are fixed to CO 2, and the O from water is given off as oxygen gas.

5. What do these 3 have in common? Biology Journal 10/27/2014

6. Biology Journal 12/10/2013 The name of the pigment that plants use for photosynthesis is ______. The sunlight that plants are exposed to contains _____ of the colors of light. Chlorophyll absorbs ______ and ______ light, while it reflects ______ light, which is why plants appear to be green to us.

7. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Whiteboard Review!

8. What gasses make up air?  Name at least 3

9. Nitrogen (N 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Argon (Ar) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Neon (Ne) Helium (He) Methane (aka natural gas, CH 4 ) Water Vapor (H 2 O) The gasses that make up air (in decreasing order) :

10. What is the balanced chemical formula for photosynthesis? What is the balanced chemical formula for cellular respiration? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

11. Draw 2 axes, and draw a line to show how temperature would effect photosynthetic rate. Rate of photosynthesis (measured in O 2 / CO 2 / H 2 O / growth) Temperature Cold Hot

12. Aerobic Respiration Both Anaerobic Respiration Complete the below Venn diagram!

13. Aerobic Respiration Both Anaerobic Respiration Requires O 2 Metabolic reactions that generate energy for the cell Happens when O 2 runs out Happens in the mitochondria Initial steps are gycolysis (splitting glucose into pyruvate), which happens in cytoplasm Happens in the cytoplasm Products are CO 2 and H 2 O Reactant is pyruvate (C 3 H 4 O 3 ) Products are either: 1. ethanol and CO 2 (yeast) 2. lactic acid (humans) High yield of ATP Make energy (ATP) Low yield of ATP

14. Rate of photosynthesis (measured in O 2 / H 2 O / growth) CO 2 concentration Draw 2 axes, and draw a line to show how CO 2 concentration would effect photosynthetic rate.

15. What color of light would a plant using chlorophyll grow the best under? Chlorophyll-based plants would grow best under blue and red light, because these are the colors of light that chlorophyll absorbs the best.

16. Chlorophylls uses all the colors of the rainbow except green! Chlorophylls reflect green light, so green is not used. Mostly blue and orange light are used for photosynthesis.

17. What is photolysis? When does this happen? Photoylsis is the breaking of H 2 O during photosynthesis. The O’s in water are given off as oxygen, and the H’s are fixed to CO 2, to make glucose.

18. Rate of photosynthesis (measured in O 2 / CO 2 / H 2 O / growth) pH Acidic Basic Draw 2 axes, and draw a line to show how pH would effect photosynthetic rate.

19. 1.What kind of organism makes CO 2 and ethanol for energy? 2.What is this reaction called? 3.What are the reactants of this reaction (that makes CO 2 and ethanol)? 1.Yeast! 2.This reaction is called anaerobic respiration or fermentation. 3.The reactant is pyruvate (which comes from glycolysis)

20. The diffusion of gasses (such as O 2 and CO 2 ) between the air in the lungs and the blood. The controlled release of energy from organic molecules in cells to form ATP. How the muscles (diaphragm and intercostals [ribs]) move to push air into and out of the lungs. Gas Exchange Cellular Respiration Ventilation These are the definitions for what 3 terms?

21. ATP BothADP Complete the below Venn diagram!

22. ATP BothADP Adenosine triphosphate Contain adenosine, and phosphates (2 or 3) Adenosine diphosphate High in energy Part of the energy- storage system of cells. All cells use ATP/ADP as energy source. Low energy Cells have lots of these “laying around,” ready to be used The last phosphate bond is high in energy, and can easily be formed or broken Complete the below Venn diagram!

23. Glucose ? Glycolysis CO 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + EthanolLactic Acid If you are a … If there isn’t any… If there is … 1 3 2 Number your board 1 through 5. Then state what goes in the blanks. 4 5

24. Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis CO 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + EthanolLactic Acid If you are a human If you are a yeast If there isn’t any O 2 If there is O 2 1 3 2 4 5

25. Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis CO 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + EthanolLactic Acid If you are a human If you are a yeast If there isn’t any O 2 If there is O 2 1. Where does this happen? 2. Where does this happen? 3. Where does this happen?

26. Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis CO 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + EthanolLactic Acid If you are a human If you are a yeast If there isn’t any O 2 If there is O 2 1. Cytoplasm 2. Mitochondria 3. Cytoplasm

27. Which of these statements are true:  Write out the numbers 1 through 6. Then, write “true” or “false” for each one. 1. Plants do photosynthesis. 2. Plants do cellular respiration. 3. Plants create O 2. 4. Plants remove CO 2 from the air. 5. Plants cause global warming. 6. Plants get the energy for photosynthesis from water. True! False!

28. Rate of photosynthesis (measured in O 2 / CO 2 / H 2 O / growth) Light Intensity Dim Bright Draw 2 axes, and draw a line to show how light intensity would effect photosynthetic rate.

29. What is the difference between chlorophyll and a chloroplast? Chloroplast is the part of a plant cell where the chemical reaction of photosynthesis happens. Chlorophyll is the green- colored pigment that absorbs specific colors of light, to power photosynthesis.

30. Which pigment has optimal absorption only at 400 to 500 nanometers? Carotenoids! Fun fact: the name comes from carrots, because the pigment is orange in color. There’s also lots of them in apricots.

31. Photosynthesis (mostly) can’t happen in the winter for 2 reasons. Explain these 2 reasons. CO 2 + H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Water is frozen, and thus can’t be absorbed by roots. The sunlight is dim, and days are short

32. Explain this science joke. Oxygen does literally grow on trees. Through photosynthesis, plants make O 2, which keeps us alive.

33. What reaction does this diagram outline? Fill it in!

35. What do these 2 have in common? A coal power plant Weightlifting

36.  Create CO 2  Create H 2 O  Consume O 2  Burn calories  Consume / release energy  Break down organic (carbon-based) molecules to get energy  The energy for these molecules at one point came from the sun (either food or fossil fuels) Both of these…