1. The Oxbow, by Thomas Cole, a noted Hudson River School artist

2. Most of early American art (from the late 18th century through the early 19th century) consists of historical paintings and portraits.

4. An American philosophy starting in the mid 19 th century in New England An American philosophy starting in the mid 19 th century in New England Transcendentalists believed in the inherent goodness of both man and nature Transcendentalists believed in the inherent goodness of both man and nature Believed that individuals needed to look inside themselves for truth Believed that individuals needed to look inside themselves for truth Man’s greatness is found in the individual, not in the group Man’s greatness is found in the individual, not in the group

5. 1803-1882 1803-1882 Lived in Concord, MA Lived in Concord, MA Minister, teacher, writer Minister, teacher, writer Mostly wrote essays and poems Mostly wrote essays and poems Founder of Transcendentalism Founder of Transcendentalism

6. Most famous essay: “Self Reliance” Most famous essay: “Self Reliance” “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind.” “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind.” “Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. “Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Most famous poem: “Concord Hymn” Most famous poem: “Concord Hymn” “By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood, And fired the shot heard round the world.” “By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood, And fired the shot heard round the world.”

7. 1817-1862 1817-1862 Emerson’s student Emerson’s student Poet and essayist Poet and essayist Lived according to the ideas of Transcendentalism Lived according to the ideas of Transcendentalism Authored Walden and Civil Disobedience Authored Walden and Civil Disobedience

8. Famous set of essays: Walden Famous set of essays: Walden “Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth. “Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth. Most famous essay: “Civil Disobedience” Most famous essay: “Civil Disobedience” “Witness the present Mexican war, the work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as their tool; for in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure. “ “Witness the present Mexican war, the work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as their tool; for in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure. “

9. Thoreau believed there were two times when open rebellion is justified: Thoreau believed there were two times when open rebellion is justified: when the injustice is no longer occasional but a major characteristic when the injustice is no longer occasional but a major characteristic when the machine (government) demands that people cooperate with injustice. when the machine (government) demands that people cooperate with injustice. Thoreau declared that, “If the government requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law.” Thoreau declared that, “If the government requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law.”

10. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow- Songs of Hiawatha wrote narrative poems that tell a story Emily Dickenson- Wrote many short and deeply felt poems Herman Melville- Moby Dick Desire to kill a white whale Edgar Allen Poe- “Murders in Rue Morgue” Wrote the 1 st detective stories Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass Unrhymed poems about ordinary people

11. Founded by Asher Durand Influenced by Romanticism and Emerson’s call for a distinct vision for American art. Painted lush landscapes Many traveled west for inspiration Hudson River School

13. “Kindred Spirits” Asher Durand 1791 – 1886 Founder of the Hudson River School

14. Merritt Ives Lithographer 1824 – 18495 Bound Down the River

16. 1813 – 1888 Military College at Chapultepec

17. The Castle

18. Drew birds, mammals, plants, and other subjects of nature Drew them as he floated down the Mississippi River His Birds of America is the most important work on birds ever published Today the Audubon Society continues his spirit of protecting birds and their habitats