1. AMERICAN LITERATURE AND ARTS Carly Britch

2. Before 1800, most American painters studied in Europe. Benjamin West Charles Willson Peale Gilbert Stuart By the mid-1800s, American artists began to develop their own style. The Hudson River School painted vivid landscapes of New York’s Hudson River region. Thomas Cole Asher B. Durand Robert S. Duncanson

3. Some American artists painted scenes of hard-working country people. George Caleb Binghan: frontier life along the rivers George Catlin: Indians of the Great Plains and Rockies Alfred Jacob Miller: Indians of the Great Plains and Rockies

4. People Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Poems based on events from the American past, such as “Paul Revere’s Ride” and “The Song of Hiawatha.” John Greenleaf Whittier Poems about the evils of slavery. Frances Watkins Harper Poems about the evils of slavery. Walt WhitmanLeaves of Grass, a book of poetry celebrating democracy and common people. Emily DickinsonRecognized as one of the nation’s greatest poets. Washington IrvingThe Sketch Book, including “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.”

5. James Fenimore Cooper Stories set in the American past. The Deerslayer and The Last of the Mohicans, about a strong, solitary frontiersman. Herman MelvilleMoby Dick, about the captain of an American whaling ship. Nathaniel Hawthorne Stories set in early New England, such as The Scarlet Letter. Edgar Allan PoeTales of horror. Known as the “father of the detective story” for stories such as “The Murders in the Rue Morgue.” William Wells Brown The first African American to earn his living as a writer. Wrote Clotel, a novel of slave life.

6. Transcendentalists believed that the most important truths in life transcended, or went beyond, human reason. They valued the spark of deeply felt emotions more than reason. They believed that each individual should live up to the divine possibilities within. Ralph Waldo Emerson He believed that civilization provides material wealth, but the human spirit was best reflected in nature. He believed that nature exhibited values that came from God. He stressed individualism, or the importance of each individual. He said that people have an “inner light” they can turn to for guidance in their personal lives and to help them improve society.

7. Henry David Thoreau He believed that the growth of industry and the rise of cities were ruining the nation. He urged people to live as simply and as close to nature as possible. He believed that each individual must decide what is right or wrong. He argued in favor of civil disobedience, the idea that people have a right to disobey unjust laws if their consciences demand it.

8. Starting in the mid-1800s, most American painters began to a) concentrate on portraits of English royalty. b) think it was necessary to study in European art schools. c) develop an American style and paint American scenes. d) favor portraits over landscapes. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were part of a group of people who believed that a) no one should have to pay taxes. b) reason is far more valuable than emotions. c) each person should strive for material wealth. d) each person has an inner light that helps the person determine right and wrong.