1. Chemicals found in alcohol and tea have a diuretic effect. Diuretics cause the body to produce greater-than-normal volumes of urine. Diuretic chemicals counteract the effect of the hormone A. ADH B. insulin C. cortisol D. prolactin

2. Hormones and Blood Sugar Chapter 15.2

3.  There are two organs that contribute hormones that regulate blood sugar levels: 1.Pancreas 2.Kidney

4. Insulin  When the body detects high blood sugar levels, it sends a message to the pancreas.  Here, in the Beta Cells of the islets of Langerhans, insulin is produced and released into the blood stream.  Insulin then gets cells to take in more glucose, and also makes the liver convert glucose into glycogen.

5. Glucagon  Glucagon works in the opposite manner.  It is released when there are low blood sugar levels from the alpha cells of the islets.  It then gets the liver to convert some of it’s glycogen back into glucose.

7. Diabetes  Diabetes is a condition in where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.  With a lack of insulin not as much sugar is taken out of the blood and then gets expelled in the urine.  Further, less glucose gets to cells, causing the body to switch to other, inferior, sources of energy (like fats and protein).

8. Diabetes Types  Type I, known as juvenile-onset, is where the Beta cells are deficient early in life. Requires insulin injections to survive.  Type II, known as adult-onset, is where the Beta cells degrade with age. It can be controlled through diet and exercise.  Type III, known as gestational diabetes, occurs in around 3% of pregnancies. Both mother and child are then both at risk to develop type II diabetes.

10. Adrenal Glands  The adrenal glands, which are found on top of the kidneys, also play a part in blood sugar levels.  It is separated into two regions: 1.The Medulla – controlled by the nervous system and is on the inside. 2.The Cortex – controlled by pituitary hormones and located on the outside.

12. Adrenal Medulla  The medulla will release epinephrine and norepinephrine during times of stress.  These have the same effect as glucagon, which results in increased blood sugar levels.  Further, they also enhance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

13. Adrenal Cortex  The adrenal cortex will release three types of steroids: 1.Glucocorticoids 2.Mineralocorticoids 3.Sex Hormones

14. Glucocorticoids  These regulate metabolism of nutrients.  A special glucocorticoid is known as cortisol.  It converts amino acids into sugars in order to recover from stress.

15. Mineralocorticoids  These regulate electrolytes and water balance.  Aldosterone is the most important of these, which is important in water and sodium (Na+) reabsorption in the kidneys.

16. Stress Responses  For quick response to stress, the hypothalamus sends a nerve impulse through the sympathetic nervous system.  This also activates the adrenal medulla, releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine.

17.  For long term responses, the hypothalamus will send a releasing hormone to the pituitary.  This tells it to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which is a hormone that activates the adrenal cortex.  This then releases the corticoids for their responses.

19. Homework  Pg 479 1-3  Pg 483 4-6, Lab 15.A  Pg 484 1-4, 7