1. Warm Up: 1.What 2 things do you need to do to maintain a healthy weight or lose weight? 2.What are the 3 types of Diabetes? 3.What causes Diabetes? 1

3. Objectives To define diabetes. To explain normally functioning insulin. To distinguish between the three main forms of diabetes. To outline complications of diabetes. To identify preventative actions against the development of type I and type II diabetes as well as methods of treatment and management. 3

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5. Diabetes Is a metabolic disorder, meaning the body is not properly using digested food needed for development and energy Is a serious, life-long illness requiring proper treatment and management Hinders insulin function 5

6. Diabetes Is most commonly seen as one of three forms: –type I diabetes –type II diabetes –gestational diabetes 6

7. Insulin Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas Regulates the amount of glucose in the bloodstream Moves glucose from the bloodstream into muscle, fat and liver cells to be used or stored 7

8. Insulin Insulin will be released in the proper amount during digestion –amount released depends on amount and types of carbohydrates digested 8

9. Type I Diabetes Has various names, including: –insulin-dependent diabetes –juvenile-onset diabetes Is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents or young adults, however, it can occur at any age 9

10. Type I Diabetes Is a disease for which the exact cause is unknown Is most likely an autoimmune disease which destroys the beta cells in the pancreas Causes the pancreas to produce little to no insulin Is not preventable, but is manageable 10 Autoimmune Disease: disease which causes the body’s immune system to attack healthy body cells

11. Symptoms of Type I Diabetes Can appear suddenly and severely, potentially requiring hospitalization Include: –unquenchable thirst –frequent urination –persistent hunger –weight loss –blurred vision –excessive fatigue 11

12. Type II Diabetes Is the most common form of diabetes Has various names, including: –non-insulin dependent diabetes –adult-onset diabetes Occurs when cells stop responding to insulin, inhibiting glucose from entering the cell 12

13. Type II Diabetes Is often associated with having too much body fat –extra fat disrupts the body’s ability to use insulin properly May be prevented through maintaining a healthy body weight and active lifestyle 13

14. Symptoms of Type II Diabetes Appear slowly over time Include: –frequent urination –unquenchable thirst –persistent hunger –excessive fatigue –blurred vision –frequent infections which heal slowly –pain or numbness in feet or hands 14

15. Gestational Diabetes Occurs when high blood sugar levels appear during pregnancies of women not previously diagnosed with diabetes –women diagnosed with type I or type II diabetes before becoming pregnant do not experience gestational diabetes 15

16. Gestational Diabetes Differs from type I and type II diabetes because it only occurs during pregnancy Is not preventable Is screened for between the 26 th and 28 th week of pregnancy 16

17. Gestational Diabetes Occurs when hormones released by the placenta inhibit the mother’s insulin Causes insulin resistance in the mother’s body Results in high blood sugar levels in mother and baby 17 Placenta: organ which develops in the uterus during pregnancy and is the life-support for the baby during prenatal development

18. Mother’s Blood Sugar Returns to normal levels in most cases May remain elevated for the rest of the woman’s life, in which case she is diagnosed with type II diabetes 18

19. Untreated Gestational Diabetes Allows high levels of glucose to pass through the placenta to the baby, causing the baby’s glucose levels to rise –baby’s pancreas must produce more insulin to remove excess blood sugar Can foster excess fat on the baby’s body, posing the risk of the child dislocating a shoulder during the birth 19

20. Untreated Gestational Diabetes May cause newborns to experience low blood sugar when born due to increased insulin levels Creates the risk of breathing problems for the baby after birth due to low blood sugar levels 20

21. Blood Glucose Refers to the level of glucose in the blood Is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) Fluctuates throughout the day Will be lower after a period of fasting and higher after eating 21

22. Blood Glucose Diabetes can be detected through various blood tests including: –fasting blood glucose test –oral glucose tolerance test –random blood glucose test 22

23. Blood Glucose Levels Normal: < 100 mg/dL Pre-Diabetic: A fasting blood glucose in between 100-125 mg/dL Diabetic: Any random blood glucose that is greater than 200 mg/dL 23

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25. Diabetes Can be properly managed in most cases Will cause serious, life-threatening problems when untreated 25

26. Complications of Diabetes Include: –coronary heart disease –hypertension –ketoacidosis –kidney disease –nerve damage –skin conditions 26

27. Coronary Heart Disease Is the narrowing of the arteries of the heart May lead to a heart attack Is seen twice as often in people with diabetes than people without diabetes 27

28. Hypertension Occurs when blood moves through blood vessels with excess force Causes the heart to work harder to move blood through the body Increases the risk of heart attack, stroke and kidney disease Is also known as high blood pressure 28

29. Ketoacidosis Is caused by high levels of ketones, which are released when the body burns fat for energy instead of glucose Can lead to a diabetic coma or death 29 Ketones: acids which build up in the blood when the body does not have enough insulin

30. Kidney Disease Occurs when chronic high blood sugar levels overwork the kidneys Hinders the kidneys’ ability to filter and clean blood 30

31. Nerve Damage Occurs to some degree in 50 percent of people with diabetes Happens when high levels of blood glucose damage capillaries which feed the nerves Can cause numbness or tingling in the hands and feet 31

32. Skin Conditions Occur more frequently in people with diabetes Are caused by damage done to the blood vessels Include slow healing of wounds, bacterial and fungal infections 32

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34. Diabetes Is not always preventable Can be treated and managed, allowing those affected to live a full life 34

35. Diabetes Is treated using various medications, including insulin and oral medication Requires an individualized treatment plan created by a health care professional 35

36. Insulin Must be administered daily to patients with type I diabetes May not be necessary for patients with type II or gestational diabetes, as some cases can be controlled through diet Must be injected into the bloodstream and cannot be taken as a pill 36 Wellness Wisdom: If insulin were to be ingested, it would be digested as a protein and would not be released as insulin into the bloodstream.

37. Oral Medications Are only used to treat people with type II diabetes Will be most effective when used in coordination with diet and exercise Include treatments such as those which: –increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas –increase sensitivity of insulin for target organs –decrease rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract 37

38. Managing Diabetes Requires the control of blood sugar levels Is achieved by working with a health care professional to create a plan for maintaining blood glucose levels Incorporates a variety of factors, including: –tracking blood sugar levels –taking charge of one’s diet –physical activity –maintaining a healthy weight –using insulin and oral medications as directed by a health care professional 38

39. Managing Diabetes Blood Sugar Testing: Requires a blood sugar meter which gives a reading of blood glucose levels at any given time Hemoglobin A1c Test: Measures amount of glucose bound to the protein hemoglobin found in red blood cells 39

40. Eating With Diabetes Requires planning and thoughtful decision making Should be done at the same time each day Incorporates small meals and snacks to help blood sugar remain consistent Entails counting grams of carbohydrates as directed by a health care professional 40

41. Living an Active Lifestyle Helps lower blood glucose levels Is an important component of healthy living Aids in maintaining a healthy bodyweight 41

42. Maintaining a Healthy Bodyweight Lowers the risk of complications such as heart disease Is supported by living an active lifestyle 42

43. Activity : Diabetic Meal Plan On your own, develop a one day meal plan for a person living with diabetes. Includes 3 meals and 2 snacks. See handout for specific directions. 43