2. Bleeding Emergency bleeding control actions taken to control bleeding from a patient who has suffered a traumatic injury or who has a medical condition which has led to bleeding. In order to manage bleeding effectively, it is important to be able to readily identify both types of wounds and types of bleeding

3. Incisions: Straight edges to the wound margins, as if sliced with a knife. Laceration Jagged edges to the wound margins, more closely resembling a tear than a slice. The wounded tissue is random rather than straight in direction, and may have multiple branches.[5] Most often caused by an object with a broken or serrated edge, such as a piece of broken glass or metal Puncture: Sharp object penetrates the tissue

4. Laceration Abrasion Contusion

5. Abrasion: A scraping or scratching. Generally quite superficial, and affecting only the surface layers of the epidermis Contusion: Simple bruising. In this type of injury, the capillaries in the epidermis and dermis are damaged, without breaking the skin. Avulsion: A full thickness laceration-type wound, often semi-circular in shape. This creates a flap which, when lifted, exposes the deeper tissues to view, or extrudes them from the wound itselfs are difficult to repair, and no avulsion should ever be considered a minor injury.

6. contusion or ecchymosed

7. Abrasion

8. Avulsion

9. Puncture

10. External bleeding External bleeding is generally described in terms of the origin of the blood flow by vessel type

11. Arterial bleeding: The blood is typically bright red to yellowish in colour, due to the high degree of oxygenation. Blood typically exits the wound in spurts, rather than in a steady flow. The amount of blood loss can be copious, and can occur very rapidly

12. Venous bleeding This blood is flowing from a damaged vein. As a result, it will be blackish in colour (due to the lack of oxygen being transported) and will flow in a steady manner. Caution is still indicated

13. Capillary bleeding: Capillary bleeding usually occurs in superficial wounds, such as abrasions. The colour of the blood may vary somewhat (distal portion of circulation with oxygenated and unoxygenated blood mixing) and will generally ooze in small amounts, as opposed to flowing or spurting

14. Bleeding Control Direct pressure stops most bleeding. Wear medical exam gloves (if possible) Place a sterile gauze pad or a clean cloth over wound Elevation injured part to help reduce blood flow. Combine with direct pressure over the wound (this will allow you to attend to other injuries or victims). If bleeding continues, apply pressure at a pressure point to slow blood flow. Pressure point locations: Brachial (Top of elbow) Femoral (Inside upper thigh)

16. Control Methods For Internal Bleeding Signs of internal bleeding: Bruises or contusions of the skin Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen Vomiting or coughing up blood Stools that are black or contain bright red blood What to Do: For severe internal bleeding, follow these steps: Monitor ABC’s (Airway Breathing Circulation) Keep the victim lying on his/her left side. (This will help prevent expulsion of vomit from stomach, or allow the vomit to drain and also prevent the victim from inhaling vomit). Treat for shock by raising the victim’s legs 8” – 12” Seek immediate medical attention

18. Fracture A bone fracture can be the result of high force impact or stress, or result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, bone cancer, or osteogenesis fracture.

19. What is fracture? A broken or cracked bone Occurs when pressure is applied to bone Occurs with / without displacement of bone fragments

20. : Types of FRACTUREs CLOSED OPEN Stress fracture Complicated Greenstick

21. ymptoms

22. Severe pain Difficulty in movement Swelling/ bruising / bleeding Deformity / abnormal twist of limb Tenderness on applying pressure

23. DCAP-BTLS Deformity Contusions Abrasions penetrating &puncture wound Burns Tenderness laceration Swelling

24. First-aid Depends on type & location of Fracture For open fractures: Control bleeding before treatment Rinse and dress the wound

25. For open / closed fractures Check the breathing Calm the person Examine for therinjuries Immobilize the broken wound Apply ice to reduce pain / swellingConsult a doctor

26. DO NOT Massage the affected area Straighten the broken bone Move without support to broken bone Move joints above / below the fracture Give oral liquids / food

27. Rest Ice Compression Elevation RICE

28. Hard splint

29. ( cardboard splint )

34. Sling& swathe

52. (tibia / fibula) hard splint

56. سهراب سپهری کار ما نیست شنا سا یی راز گل سرخ. کار ما شاید این با شد که در افسون گل سرخ شنا ور با شیم.