1. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 1 RPC Training Session: Topic III Overview of Coexistence Planning for Narrowband, Wideband, & Broadband Operations Islip, New York, November 14, 2006 Sean O’Hara NPSTC Technical Support Regions 8, 19, 28, 30 and 55 SRC - State of New York - SWN 315-452-8152 (office) ohara@syrres.com National Public Safety Telecommunications Council David Eierman Motorola Principal Staff Engineer (410) 712-6242 (office) David.Eierman@motorola.com

2. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 2 Introduction Purpose –Introduce RPCs to techniques and requirements for handling coordination and coexistence of diverse 700 MHz technologies –This will only provide an overview Relevancy –Immediate need to manage these issues, since 700 MHz spectrum is likely to become flexible use to a much larger degree than it was “yesterday” Audience –Technical –System Operators, RPC Technical Committee Members, Frequency Coordinators, Spectrum and System Planners, etc Collaboration –These guidelines were developed through collaboration with Industry as well as public safety –DataRadio, Lucent Technologies, M/A-COM, Motorola, NPSTC, Qualcomm Next Steps –NPSTC and Industry will generate and make available a detailed set of coexistence guidelines early on in 2007

3. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 3 Reminder It is up to us (the RPCs) to manage this spectrum effectively If we do not… –Interference will result –Regional capacity will drop –Flexibility will go out the window The FCC gives us basic rules – we can impose whatever additional Regional restrictions/rules are necessary to manage the spectrum –The spectrum management responsibility has been given to us

4. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 4 Final BB/WB/NB Guidelines The final Guidelines will be written such that it could be adapted by the RPCs without having to develop their own. The Guidelines will contain: –Coordination procedures –Deployment recommendations (power flux limits, minimum desired level targets, etc) –Interference mitigation procedures

5. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 5 Overview and Schedule TopicTime Introduction and Overview02 minutes Key Concepts and Technologies03 minutes (end at 01:35) Co-Channel Coordination10 minutes (end at 01:45) Adjacent Channel and Out of Band or “Off- Channel” Coordination 35 minutes (end at 02:20) Examples30 minutes (end at 02:50) Questions and Answers and Feedback10 minutes (end at 03:00)

6. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 6 Key Concepts Recall some concepts from earlier session – they are important here as well: –Reliability –Channel Performance Criterion (CPC) for Voice and Data Services –Near/Far Effects Adjacent Channel Coupled Power Ratio (ACCPR) We do not have time to review these in full here, but please ask Q’s if appropriate as we go along

7. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 7 700 Technologies Narrowband Technologies –Use: Voice and Data up to ~100 kbps (raw) –Channel Size6.25 kHz, 12.5 kHz, 25 kHz –Modulation Methods: C4FM, F4FM, GFSK, QAM –Access Methodologies: FDD, FDMA/TDMA –Products: Project 25, OpenSky, HPD, others Wideband Technologies –Use: Data up to ~800 kbps (raw) –Channel Size50 kHz, 100 kHz, 150 kHz –Modulation Methods: QPSK through 64-QAM, FM/N-ary FSK –Access Methodologies: FDD, and TDD –Products: SAM, IOTA, others Broadband Technologies –Use:Voice & High Speed Data (beyond 1 Mbps) –Channel Size1.25 MHz to 5 MHz –Modulation MethodsOFDM with QAM, CDMA with N-PSK –Access Methodologies: FDD, and TDD –Products:802.16/e, 802.20, cdma2000 EVDO, UMTS

8. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 8 Co-Channel Coordination National Public Safety Telecommunications Council

9. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 9 Co-Channel Planning Co-channel planning for most situations is a matter of bandwidth and power coupling ratios –NB to NB, WB to WB –NB to WB, NB to BB * –WB to BB BB to BB involves technology aspects as well * NB to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver

10. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 10 Power Coupling Recall the ACCPR calculations covered in the earlier session. The same calculations need to be done for the co-channel cases, except the signals now overlap. This can actually be easier, since the interfering power density is either (1) more uniform over the capture filter shape or (2) is completely captured by the victim receiver.

11. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 11 Power Coupling 6.25-kHz 12.5-kHz 25.0-kHz 50-kHz 100-kHz 150-kHz 1.25 MHz Unless both signals are BB… For planning, you can simply look at the total power of the interfering signal, de- rated by the power coupled into the other signal DWE

12. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 12 Power Coupling De-rate co-channel interferer’s ERP by the table at left, then perform normal co-channel analyses Note that as the victim bandwidth gets wider it captures more interference Also note that as the interferer gets wider, it offers less interference into narrower victim, bandwidths DWE

13. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 13 Implications With -23 dB power coupling, a single NB/WB to co-channel BB* coordination can be treated much like an adjacent channel coordination was performed at NPSPAC –NB and BB can get much closer to each other than NB to NB or NB to WB However, a BB * signal may capture many NB/WB co-channel interferers at each field point –All the NB/WB power must be captured and combined like in the multiple NB interferer cases shown earlier today. –BB may be the one to get interfered with first. * NB to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver DWE

14. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 14 Implications SYS-2 BB 1 Channels SYS-3 NB/WB 3 Channels SYS-1 NB/WB 4 Channels SYS-2 (BB) gets interfering power from both SYS-1 (NB), and SYS-3 (NB/WB) Therefore it suffers reliability degradation as much as 6-10 dB earlier, with reduced throughput at cell edges NB to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver

15. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 15 Technology Dependent Considerations OFDM/A to OFDM/A –Still collecting information on this, will cover in more detail in the final guidelines –Must use FDD in this allocation, right now WiMAX (802.16) is focused on TDD CDMA to CDMA –Intra-system co-channel operations are handled through the technology and hand- offs –Inter-system co-channel coordination is possible, even between adjacent counties However, systems should be coordinated (PN-offset codes) and synchronized RPCs should encourage and/or require this coordination CDMA to OFDM/A –Use power coupling method All Technologies –Right now there is a real need for consistent CPC f specifications across the technologies –These will need to be a “CPC function”, one that related required S/(  I+N) to data throughput/goodput, message success rate or some other data metric

16. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 16 Adjacent and Off Channel Coordination National Public Safety Telecommunications Council

17. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 17 Adjacent and Off Channel Coordination In this area we look at coexistence of both direct adjacent channel technologies as well as off-channel technologies –Adjacent are within one NB/WB channel block width (NB: up to 25-kHz, WB: up to 150-kHz) –Off-Channels can be as far away as 10-MHz The main factor involved is the determination of near/far “Hole” sizes and impacts (“Swiss Cheese”) –Caused by ACCPR effects –Caused by Out of Band Emissions (OOBE) Undesired emissions from other deployments leaking into the band where the desired signal operates –Caused by receiver effects (IM and Overload) High levels of out of band power that cause the victim receiver to operate in a non-linear manner and degrade the ability to receive and understand the desired signal

18. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 18 “Swiss Cheese”, Reliability Loss Mobile Reliability (Noise-Only) Mobile Reliability (Interference from Bases) Mobile Reliability (Interference from Mobiles)

19. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 19 C/(  I+N), “Swiss Cheese” Effects Note the mobile “edge of cell” effects from TDD or OOBE

20. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 20 Overall Reduction In Sensitivity Reliability Loss Useful Range S/(  N+I) S/N C/(  I+N), “Swiss Cheese” Effects

21. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 21 Adjacent Channel Coordination Recall earlier session on TSB-88-based coordination Process –Compute technology to technology ACCPR –De-rate interferer and follow co-channel approach Avoid allowing the adjacent channel interferer’s site inside victim’s service area –Manage near/far in overlap areas If adjacent channel is BB, use off-channel approach

22. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 22 Off-Channel Near/Far Holes Need to look at path isolation, IM, and link analyses for scenarios of interest –Necessary to understand the problem We will review the magnitude of the noise floor degradations with respect to current rules, and consistent broadband rules set for the 700 MHz public safety allocations –Current Rules: Part 27, Commercial use of the upper 700 MHz Examine what attenuation a guard band or guard distance must provide to narrowband and broadband operations Assess impacts to public safety –Frequency coordination and utilization issues –Size and impact of interference “holes” DWE

23. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 23 - 92 dBm -107 dBm -125 dBm Near/Far Holes from BB OOBE: Existing Part 27 Rules -46 dBm -36 dBm + 10 dB Main Beam Gain (and line losses) Path Isolation: Coupling loss between the output of the dipole transmit antenna and a victim dipole = Free space loss between dipoles + Antenna pattern discrimination below main beam NB Noise Floor = kTB + NF 18 dB CPC f 50% Reliability at CPC 97% Reliability at CPC (Z=1.88,  =8)  Z = 15 dB 76 + 10logP into 6.25 kHz Additional filtering and guard band of about 1MHz can reduce this further NB PS LMR PS and Commercial BB Reliability Losses Desired Mobile Signal DWE

24. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 24 Typical Antenna Pattern (824-896 MHz) -DB872G60A Panel Antenna- Horizontal/Azimuth Pattern Vertical/Elevation Pattern

25. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org Path IsolationParameters Path Isolation Parameters h d Field Location R  R 2 = d 2 + h 2 Distance for Free Space Loss  = atan(h/d) The depression angle and downtilt angle are used to determine antenna pattern discrimination below main beam.

26. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 26 Vertical Pattern Attenuation for Several Transmit Heights (Using 3-degrees Downtilt) 30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights Antenna discrimination has little effect after ~ 75 to 175-m

27. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 27 Free Space Path Loss Between Dipoles 30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights Antenna height little effect after ~ 25 to 100-m

28. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 28 Path Isolation 30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights, with 3-deg downtilt Free space loss dominates after Antenna and TX height dominate at 100 to 350-m

29. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 29 The Table Lamp: Path Isolation 30 m transmitter height, with 3-deg downtilt Antenna Nulls Free Space

30. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 30 Path Isolation (Free Space Loss, and Vertical Pattern Attenuation) 30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights, with 3-deg downtilt ~ 70 dB Typical for Cellular ~ 80 dB Typical for PS LMR

31. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 31 OOBE Reliability Degradation vs. Hole Size Standard Mobile Noise Limited Design (97%) Large reliability losses in “Hole” for lower sites Long distance reliability degradation effects Probability of Achieving DAQ of 3.5 for P25

32. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 32 OOBE Reliability Degradation vs. Hole Size Mobile Noise + 5 dB Margin Design (97%) Manageable reliability losses in “Hole” for all sites No long distance reliability degradation effects Probability of Achieving DAQ of 3.5 for P25

33. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 33 OOBE Reliability Degradation vs. Hole Size Standard Portable * Noise Limited Design (97%) Manageable reliability losses in “Hole” for all sites No long distance reliability degradation effects *10 dB Antenna losses Probability of Achieving DAQ of 3.5 for P25

34. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 34 Power Flux Density (PFD) Desired Undesired Individual PFD: Total power of individual undesired signals Cumulative PFD: Total power of all undesired signals DWE

35. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 35 - 92 dBm -107 dBm -125 dBm Near/Far Holes from NB/WB/BB IM IMR IM Rejection relative to static sensitivity of PS receiver IMR(NB) < IMR(WN) < IMR(BB) IMR(NB) ~ 75 dB (Mobile) NB Noise Floor = kTB + NF 18 dB CPC f 50% Reliability at CPC 97% Reliability at CPC (Z=1.88,  =8)  Z = 15 dB Power Flux Density at the Input to NB Victim Dipole NB PS LMR PS Commercial NB/WB/BB Reliability Losses Portable radio antenna losses relative to dipole (if applicable) Static Sensitivity = kTB + NF + C s /N Desired Mobile Signal - 45 dBm

36. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 36 Progression of Off Channel Interference (NB, WB, and BB) As signal levels on the ground rise, the impacts shift from OOBE to IM to Overload -20 dBm -30 dBm -40 dBm Overload Range (OL) BB to NB/WB IM NB/WB to WB/NB IM and BB to NB/WB OOBE DWE

37. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 37 Currently Proposed* PFD Limits Interferer Type Individual PFD (dBm) Cumulative PFD (dBm) Narrowband-40-35 Wideband-38-33 Broadband-30-25 DWE *Still Looking at final PFD recommendations, and at what site distance it should be measured

38. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 38 Best Practices Pay attention to planning around and resolving these issues at the Regional Planning and Frequency Coordination level –Should not create issues that need to be resolved later by adding cost to systems Bring system design team into Regional Planning and Frequency Coordination –Frequency coordination and channel selection must happen early in the system design process Best practices to mitigate near/far effects –Use additional filtering and guard band to reduce OOBE –Limit undesired power at the ground (PFD Restrictions) to reduce IM and OL –Raise desired power at the ground in appropriate areas to combat OOBE and IM Other sources of guidance –Motorola Technical Appendix to the Nextel Best Practices Guide –TIA TSB-88 –FINAL NPSTC COEXISTANCE GUIDELINES – 1Q07 DWE

39. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 39 Example (1) Deployment of NB/BB/WB within a County National Public Safety Telecommunications Council

40. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 40 Suppose in a given County, there is a desire to deploy 700 MHz BB data. –Area: 950 mi 2 –Population: 120,000 –BB Data Sites:30, each 100 foot high, with 6-km cell radius In the County there is already a 700 MHz NB system deployed –NB Voice Sites:6, each 150 to 350 feet high How can this be done? What impacts need to be examined? How will the co-deployments affect each others performance? County BB and NB Coexistence

41. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 41 Need to decide where in the frequency band the BB can be deployed. –There either needs to be a guard band or guard distance Since the guard distance is zero, a guard band must be employed How big should the Guard band be –As big as it needs to be to meet the OOBE limitations –External filters may be used here to control OOBE First: Where do we put the BB

42. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 42 A combination of filtering and guard band will be required to meet the OOBE limitations into the nearest NB incumbent –76 + 10logP –-46 dBm / 6.25 kHz Guard Band, OOBE and Filtering BB/WB NB For reasonable filtering, about a 1-MHz Guard band would be required This can be reduced through tighter filtering

43. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 43 Assume the OOBE level as the main transmitter power into the antenna. Run area reliability degradation study as we would for narrowband. We will see that this passes Second: How Do We Coordinate?

44. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 44 Example County Area: 950 mi 2 Population: 120,000 NB Voice Sites:6 BB Data Sites:30 Macro Example: County Deployment Propagation Model Longley Rice 1.2.2. Median Mode No LULC Broadband Sites 30-m Transmitter Height -38 dBm ERP OOBE 6-km Site Radius Received Power (dBm)

45. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 45 Macro Example: County Deployment Desired Signal (NB Site Coverage)Undesired Signal (BB Site Coverage) Received Power (dBm)

46. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 46 Signal to Interference Macro Example: County Deployment S/I (dB)

47. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 47 Macro Example: County Deployment Results – Broadband Effects No significant interference effects 0.01% Reduction in Area Reliability S/N, S/(  I+N) Distributions Identical Impacts would be greater for less reliable designs

48. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 48 Impacts Near Sites Incumbent should look at the areas around the sites Look at the average desired power near the sites. –In this case, it is all greater than -79 dBm into a dipole receive antenna (mobile coverage) Compute the average impact around the sites –With the applicant meeting OOBE and PFD limits Decide whether or not to increase desired power near the sites –Are the areas critical? –Is the coverage degradation unacceptable?

49. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 49 Impacts Near Sites OOBE Impacts: –OOBE Level at ground at a D = 150-m -36 dBm – 70 dB = -106 dBm –Reliability at a distance D Assume undesired  has no effect R = 1 – Qerf((-79 – 18 – (-106))/8) = 0.87 or 87% IM Impacts: –Require applicant to show that (1) PFD limits are met, or (2), get agreement that degradation near the sites is acceptable to the incumbent –If PFD is met, then it is up to the incumbent to increase desired power if coverage degradation near the BB sites is unacceptable

50. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 50 Example (2) Deployment of BB/WB within/between Regions National Public Safety Telecommunications Council

51. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 51 Lets look at Several folks wishing to deploy BB (1.25 MHz) and WB (50-kHz) systems: County A: Wideband (8-Chan) County B: Wideband (8-Chan) County C: Broadband (1-Chan) County D: Wideband (8-Chan) County E: Broadband (1-Chan) Note that these systems span three Regions A B C D E Co-Channel WB/BB Requests

52. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 52 What to Look For First: Can the systems operate non co-channel? –See below, there are three broadband channels available. –We only need two BB channels –The WB could use spectrum in the third, on between the BB channels E C A,B,D 6-MHz Flexible Use Flexible Use

53. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 53 How About Worst Case? Lets assume worst case –All systems operate co-channel –Reasonable, since there are also other systems out there that need to use the spectrum as well C and E A,B,D Flexible Use Flexible Use

54. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 54 Co-Channel Coupling System A, WB, 8-50 kHz Channels –0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-B and Sys-D –14-dB Coupling from Sys-C and Sys-E 10log(50 / 1250) = -14dB System B, WB, 8-50 kHz Channels –0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-D –14-dB Coupling from Sys-C and Sys-E 10log(50 / 1250) = -14dB System C: 1.25 MHz BB –0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-B and Sys-D –0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-B, and Sys-D System D, WB, 8-50 kHz Channels –0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-B –14-dB Coupling from Sys-C and Sys-E 10log(50 / 1250) = -14dB System E: 1.25 MHz BB –0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-B and Sys-D –0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-B, and Sys-D

55. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 55 Analysis Analysis will follow the model set out earlier…Except We do not have a mature CPC model for data reliability and or goodput degradation For the high speed data systems (or any data systems), this is a need that needs to be worked on. Ongoing work in several areas to fill this need –NPSTC (BB Task Force and Ad Hoc Joint TWG), RPCs, TIA/TR-8.18, etc

56. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 56 Q&A and Feedback National Public Safety Telecommunications Council

57. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 57 Q&A and Feedback This is a lot to pack into 90-minutes I will be happy to go these concepts this again at area RPC meetings –Usually attend Region 8, 30, 55 meetings –Often attend Region 19 and 28 meetings as well Any Questions? Any Feedback?

58. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunicationswww.NPSTC.org 58 Contact for Further Information Sean O’Hara Business Area Manager – Analysis, Communications, and Collection Systems Syracuse Research Corporation ohara@syrres.com 315.452.8152 office, 315.559.5632 mobile David Eierman Principle Staff Engineer Motorola david.eierman@motorola.com 410.712.6242 office