1. Brent Hannah

2. Breast Cancer  Uncontrolled cell growth in the breast as a result of mutation or abnormal change in the regulation of cell growth  Second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States  1 in 8 women within the United States will develop breast cancer (“What is Breast Cancer?”, 2015)

3. How is Breast Cancer Detected?  Mammograms  Needle Aspiration  Biopsy (“Preparing for a Mammogram”)

4. Breast Cancer  10 % of breast cancers have shown to be hereditary  Caused by abnormal genes that are passed from parent to child  BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes  Blood relatives with breast cancer  Breast and ovarian cancer within family (“Breast Cancer Risk Factors: Genetics”, 2015)

5. Statistics  2015- estimated 1,658,370 new cases  589,430 deaths nation wide  Kentucky Rate of 123.6 of getting breast cancer Death rate of 23.2  Genetic testing could eliminate deaths by as much as 35% (Cancer Facts & Figures, 2015).

6. Personal experience  Genetic testing would’ve saved my aunts lives  Sisters are now having genetic testing done

7. Privacy Issues of genetic testing  Worried about it leaking out to their employers  Genetic information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) law forbids most employers from doing this Discriminate on genetic information in any form of hiring, termination, pay or any other personal actions  Insurance- GINA doesn’t allow them to turn down people or charge higher premiums (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2003).

8. Watsons Theory of Caring  “Caring of yourself and others based on a moral and ethical foundation of love and values” (The Seven Assumptions, 2012)

9. Genetic testing to legislators  Explain the benefits of genetic testing Knowing the chance of getting breast cancer, how to treat it early  Solution to the problem of lack of testing Each individual will be more educated on genetic testing Mass genetic testing convention

10. Ethical considerations  Better understand  Peace of mind  Time to prepare (Finkelman and Kenner, 2010)

11. Critics of genetic testing  Uncertainty  Psychological impact  False sense of security  Potential for discrimination (BRCA gene test for breast and ovarian cancer risk, 2015)

12. Cancer genetics  Two major classes Proto-oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes  Proto-oncogenes-code for proteins such as peptide growth factors and nuclear transcription factors  Tumor suppressor genes- code for proteins that restrict uncontrollable cell growth ▪(Jernstorm, 2014)

13. BRCA 1 and BRCA 2  BRCA 1-> first breast cancer gene to be isolated Located on the long arm of chromosome 17 If inherited the individual has a greater than 80% chance of developing breast cancer  BRCA 2 ->located on the long arm of chromosome 13 Increased risk for breast cancer ▪(Genetic Testing, 2015)

14. Personal Views  Trained professionals on genetic testing  Education to the patients

15. Reference page  American Society of Clinical Oncology. (2003) American Society of Clinical Oncology  policy statement update: Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. J Clin Oncol.  2003;21:2397-2406.  Blackwood, A. (2004, May 14). BRCA1 Mutations in Women Attending Clinics That Evaluate  the Risk of Breast Cancer — NEJM. Retrieved December 23, 2015, from  http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199705153362002#t=article http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199705153362002#t=article  Boetes, C. (2004, July 29). Efficacy of MRI and Mammography for Breast-Cancer Screening in  Women with a Familial or Genetic Predisposition — NEJM. Retrieved December 25,  2015, from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa031759#t=articlehttp://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa031759#t=article  BRCA1 & BRCA2: Cancer Risk & Genetic Testing. (2015, April 1). Retrieved January 17, 2016,  from http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheethttp://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet  BRCA gene test for breast and ovarian cancer risk. (2015, June 18). Retrieved January 17, 2016,  from http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/brca-gene-test/basics/definition/prc-20020361http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/brca-gene-test/basics/definition/prc-20020361  Breast Cancer Rates by State. (2014, August 26). Retrieved January 14, 2016, from  http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/state.htm http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/statistics/state.htm  Cancer Facts & Figures 2015. (2015, September 17). Retrieved January 14, 2016, from  http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/ http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/  Finkelman, A., & Kenner, C. (2010). Professional Nursing Concepts: Competencies for  Quality Leadership. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. Page 367 and 273.  Genetic Testing. (2015, November 11). Retrieved December 20, 2015, from  http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/genetic http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/genetic  Hamilton, R. (2010, November 1). Genetics: Breast Cancer as an Exemplar. Retrieved December  22, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748903/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748903/  Jernstorm, H. (2014, September 11). JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. Retrieved January 5, 2016, from  http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/14/1094.short http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/14/1094.short  The seven assumptions. (2012, January 26). Retrieved January 16, 2016, from  http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Watson.html http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Watson.html