1. II. Methods in Morphotectonics 1- Identification of Active Faults 2 Determination of slip-rate on strike-slip faults 3- Determination of fold growth and shortening rates across a thrust fault system 4- Determinations of vertical deformation and extension rate across a rift system 5. Dating techniques

2. 1.c Reverse and Thrust faults

3. Satellite Mosaic and topography of Central Asia

5. Note a clear fault cutting alluvial surfaces The lobate geometry of the fault trace suggest thrust faulting (in addition to being associate with an anticline) (Eastern termination of Tugulu antocline, North Tian Shan piemont, Dzoungar basin)

10. Fault-bend fold (flat-ramp system)

12. Thrust Fault are often blind Fault-tip fold

13. Foreland fold-and-thrust belt North Tien Shan

14. Satellite Mosaic and topography of Central Asia

15. Rivers entrenching a growing fold above an active thrust fault, China

16. Satellite Mosaic and topography of Central Asia

17. Drainage is either force to entrench into the rising fold or is diverted Growing fold above an active reverse fault, China

18. Seismic ruptures of thrust faults

19. ~90 mm/yr GPS measurement of interseismic strain across Taiwan (Yu et al, 1997; Hsu et al, 2003)

20. TheMw, 7.6, ChiChi Earthquake 1999 (Western Taiwan) Surface ruptures extends over about 80km, with up to 12m of coseismic slip.

22. Mw, 7.6, ChiChi Earthquake 1999 (Taiwan)

23. A closer look Chichi

24. Scarp landforms (from a study of the 1988 Armenian earthquake)

25. The Mw, 7.6, ChiChi Earthquake 1999 (Western Taiwan) Surface ruptures extends over about 80km, with up to 12m of coseismic slip.

26. The “Big Bend” Reverse fault in a strike-slip setting

27. (Ekstrom and Stein, 1992, Stein and Ekstrom, 1992, Gusofski et al, 2007) New Idria, 1982, Mw, 5.5 Coalinga 1983, Mw, 6.5 Kettelman Hills, 1985, Mw, 6.1

28. Gusofski et al, 2007

30. From JPL’s SRTM mission The 1987 Whitier Narrow and 1994 Northridge earthquakes alerted us to the presence of active blind thrusts within the metro region 1994 1987

32. The city of Tripoli, in Lebanon, is built on an active thrust, forming an about 60m-high surface scarp Photo from M. Daeron Irregular, sinuous, smooth topographic escarpment, Tripoli

33. Reverse faults: Irregular, sinuous, smooth topographic escarpment (because collapse) Most active reverse faults are blind (partly because they have a low dip- angle fault plane) Yet, they are commonly associated to surface folding; such folding commonly forces rivers to deviate from their original course