1. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering With Modifications By Mr. Grodek, PVI LIGHTNING REVIEW for Test CH 12

2. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  pharmaceutical  byproduct  deinking  resin  equilibrium  entropy CHAPTER 12  enzyme  distillation  filtration  dissolved  diluted With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI You will need to know all these Plus these chemical reaction: a process in which one or more substances are converted into new substances with different physical and chemical properties, by breaking apart and forming new bonds chemical equation: a shorthand way to describe a reaction that gives the formulas for all the reactants and the products reactants: the substances that enter into a chemical reaction, on the left side of a chemical equation products: the substances that are produced by a chemical reaction, on the right side of a chemical equation balanced equation: a chemical equation in which the products have the same number of atoms of each element as the reactants do

3. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering With Modifications By Mr. Grodek, PVI

4. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview What is Chemical Engineering? Chemical engineering involves …. - changing raw materials into useful substances - the processing of chemicals, and the handling of liquid, gas, and air - work with other sciences (e.g., physics) and engineering fields to develop products - varied substances, such as foods and beverages, pigments and dyes, plastics, adhesives, and petroleum products - emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, alternative energies, and biomedical engineering - much research and development (R&D) work, especially in chemical processing and pharmaceuticals Section Around since the 1800’s … With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI pharmaceuticals products of the medical drug industry >

5. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Education and Credentials A practicing chemical engineer will have an undergraduate (BS) or graduate (MS or PhD) degree with studies in chemistry, physics, math, or other discipline applicable to chemical engineering Does a chemical engineer need a Professional Engineer (PE) license ?? … you already know the answer from the study of other engineering fields … : if he or she wants to work on ___________ ____________ Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

6. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Chemistry Basics: Chemical Reactions and Equations Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI chemical reaction: a process in which one or more substances are converted into new substances with different physical and chemical properties, by breaking apart and forming new bonds chemical equation: a shorthand way to describe a reaction that gives the formulas for all the reactants and the products reactants: the substances that enter into a chemical reaction, on the left side of a chemical equation products: the substances that are produced by a chemical reaction, on the right side of a chemical equation Videos: Chemical Reactions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=883WCMtZRv4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=883WCMtZRv4 (2:34) Discovery Streaming: Standard Deviants School Chemistry: Elements and Equations http://app.discoveryeducation.com/mycontent#mode=MyContent&view=Favorites (first 7:40 only out of 24:58) http://app.discoveryeducation.com/mycontent#mode=MyContent&view=Favorites

7. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Chemistry Basics: Chemical Reactions and Equations According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, a chemical equation must be balanced. e.g., reaction in which hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) form water: Unbalanced: H 2 + O 2 H 2 O means “yields” Balanced: 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O Section balanced equation: a chemical equation in which the products have the same number of atoms of each element as the reactants do The Law of Conservation of Mass says that atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI *We count the numbers of atoms of elements, not the numbers of molecules!

8. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Chemistry Basics: Chemical Reactions and Equations Section balanced equation: a chemical equation in which the products have the same number of atoms of each element as the reactants do DO A PHET CHEMICAL EQUATION BALANCING VIRTUAL LAB DEMO https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balancing-chemical-equations With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI *We count the numbers of atoms of elements, not the numbers of molecules!

9. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Chemistry Basics: Chemical Reactions and Equations Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI LET’S REVIEW SOME HOMEWORK PROBLEMS

10. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Chemical Production Most chemical engineers work in the chemical production industry, which develops and produces: Plastics Rubber Products Textiles Paper Products MetalsAlloys Section Chemical engineers may also be responsible for monitoring and testing of chemical plant outputs With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

11. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Chemical Production Section Plastics and polymers developed by chemical engineers are used throughout commercial, industrial, and consumer goods. Different plastics are marked with a resin code * to sort the materials for recycling via different processes. * Established by the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) in the late 1980’s * With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI resin a sticky natural or synthetic substance used in various chemical applications, including the creation of plastics >

12. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Chemical Production Section Chemical engineers work in the production of basic chemicals used in many common applications. With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI Raw materials are refined (freed of impurities) and processed into these products in a chemical plant.

13. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Chemical Process Design Process design is the planning of procedures that are used to bring about the physical and chemical transformation of materials. Processes to treat and engineer chemicals include the use of: heat pressure other chemicals time Uses systems approach Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMPROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

14. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Chemical Processing Plants Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

15. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Byproduct Control and Disposal Chemical engineers work on the control and disposal of the byproducts of chemical processes. for example, environmentally harmful byproducts of coal-burning electrical generation plants (like mercury) or of automobile engines (like carbon monoxide) byproducts waste products left over from production processes > Section A catalytic converter helps limit harmful automobile engine byproducts from getting into the atmosphere. With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI Chemical engineers work with other engineers to create effective product designs. CAR EXHAUST

16. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 Introduction to Technology and Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Recycling Paper Recycling Plastics Recycling Involves Deinking Involves removal of Resin deinking the process in which inks and dyes are removed from paper > resin a sticky natural or synthetic substance used in various chemical applications, including the creation of plastics > Section Chemical engineers are involved in the common recycling of such things as paper, glass, metals, plastics, and electronics. They are treated and used in the production of new products. Inks, colors, and writing are removed before paper is reduced to pulp, and then new fibers are added to create new paper Plastics are shredded, melted and made into pellets to use as raw materials for new products Or, plastics are put through reverse of the process used to create the original. Newer recycling processes are being developed by chemical engineers. With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

17. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 Introduction to Technology and Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Plastic Recycling Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI e.g., at a store in Chantilly “Poly” = high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic

18. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 Introduction to Technology and Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Recycling Videos: Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI Waste Management Single-Stream Recycling – Philadelphia Facility http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GP3JuiX5BYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GP3JuiX5BY (7:14) Recycling Plastic Water Bottles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLkZ6LzwCQYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLkZ6LzwCQY (3:20)

19. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Key Technical Concepts *** hint: this constitutes G.O. 12.1 ! Thermodynamics and Conservation of Energy Equilibrium Entropy equilibrium a state of balance > entropy a reduction in the availability of energy, which is the subject of the Second Law of Thermodynamics > Section Thermodynamics involves the study of temperature, pressure, and volume, which all can change along with physical states and properties of materials during chemical reactions. e.g., Ideal Gas Law Discovery Channel: Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRT https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/6B158C06-9839-4E56-B208- 7A1707D9B1DB?hasLocalHost=false (3:20) https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/6B158C06-9839-4E56-B208- 7A1707D9B1DB?hasLocalHost=false Conservation of Energy states that the total amount of energy in a closed system will remain constant over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI key word: availability to do work; also can say “quality” of energy (Chapter 9) A chemical reaction is in equilibrium when there is no tendency for the concentrations of reactants and products to change. Discovery Channel: Equilibrium https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/ACA8 B1EE-693C-4DD5-A04A- BCAFE0B364C3?hasLocalHost=falsehttps://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/ACA8 B1EE-693C-4DD5-A04A- BCAFE0B364C3?hasLocalHost=false (3:20)

20. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Key Technical Concepts Thermodynamics and Conservation of Energy Equilibrium Entropy enzymes proteins from living cells that cause chemical reactions > Catalysts Example: Enzymes Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI A catalyst is substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction. Either: - an inhibitor (slows down the chemical reaction) or - a promoter (speeds up the chemical reaction) In food processing and food biology, enzymes can be catalysts: For example: In energy, catalysts are used in petroleum refining. Catalysts help change oil into more useful substances.

21. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Key Technical Concepts Thermodynamics and Conservation of Energy Equilibrium Entropy distillation the process of purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation > Catalysts Example: Enzymes Distillation and Chemical Separation Section Distillation is a physical process rather than a chemical reaction. Many commercial applications, including: - e.g., separation of crude oil into component fuels by heating to different temperatures (also called refinement) - also, think of distilled water - and, of course, production of beverages that contain alcohol Chemical separation is separating a compound into components parts by other chemical processes, other than distillation, that still are not chemical reactions. With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

22. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Distillation Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

23. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Distillation Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

24. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Distillation Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

25. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Key Technical Concepts Thermodynamics and Conservation of Energy Equilibrium Entropy filtration the process of removing particles by passing a liquid or gas through a filter > Catalysts Example: Enzymes Distillation and Chemical Separation Filtration Section Filtration is another physical process rather than a chemical reaction. Applications include everything from complex water treatment plants to simple coffee and HVAC filters. With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

26. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Filtration Section With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

27. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Key Technical Concepts Thermodynamics and Conservation of Energy Equilibrium Entropy Catalysts Example: Enzymes Distillation and Chemical Separation Filtration Chemical Reactions and Chemical Synthesis Section Some chemical reactions occur naturally in the environment, e.g., steel rusting: 4 Fe + 3 O 2 → 2 Fe 2 O 3 Chemical reactions that are “forced” have been chemically engineered! Chemical synthesis occurs when chemicals combine to create new compounds – this is at the core of the work of chemical engineers As in other engineering fields, simulation software is used to model, simulate, and design chemical reactions - ***Why might this be a good idea dealing with chemicals? chemical reaction: a process in which one or more substances are converted into new substances with different physical and chemical properties, by breaking apart and forming new bonds With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

28. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.1 Chemical Engineering Overview Key Technical Concepts Thermodynamics and Conservation of Energy Equilibrium Entropy Catalysts Example: Enzymes Distillation and Chemical Separation Filtration Chemical Reactions and Chemical Synthesis Conservation of Mass Fluid Dynamics Section The Law of Conservation of Mass states that the mass of a substance in a closed or isolated system will remain constant over time - Remember, atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions – equations must be balanced Fluid dynamics is the study of the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) as they move or change state - Different fluids behave differently in motion - Viscosity is the measure of the resistance of a fluid to deformation by stresses - fluids can be thick or thin - e.g., honey vs. water - e.g., different “weights” of motor oil, e.g., 10W40 With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

29. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering With Modifications By Mr. Grodek, PVI

30. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Chemical engineers work on the creation and optimization of ceramics, fuels, fertilizers, plastics, explosives, detergents, fragrances, flavors, food supplements, pharmaceuticals, paints, coatings, inks, adhesives … and many other things! Chemical engineers design the processes and materials used in distillation, filtration, synthesis, and other chemical operations - They focus on the process while other engineers and professionals design the actual machinery involved in the process – e.g., what type of engineers? With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI ( … what do engineers do... ? )

31. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Food and Beverages Taste and Appearance Additives Pigments and Dyes Dyes are dissolved Synthetic dyes are common Adhesives White glue Rubber cement Cyanoacrylate Epoxy Silicone Medical Applications Pharmaceutical Industry Pulp and Paper Fiber materials are dissolved, thickened, diluted, refined, cleaned, and mixed into pulp Cosmetics, Soaps and Fragrances Nanotechnology With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

32. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Food and Beverages Taste and Appearance Additives Growing foods: e.g., fertilizers, insecticides Food processing: food and other substances into edible products Additives: e.g., for taste, color, purity, preservation, vitamins Water purification, milk homogenization and pasteurization With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

33. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section dissolved mixed with liquid to make a solution > Pigments and Dyes Dyes are dissolved Synthetic dyes are common Pigments and dyes add color to other materials - the difference is that dyes are dissolved, whereas pigments are insoluble Pigments and dyes may be natural (e.g., from plants, minerals) or synthetic – more synthetic these days With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

34. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Adhesives White glue Rubber cement Cyanoacrylate Epoxy Silicone Adhesives: glue! – bonds things together May be from natural, or more commonly from synthetic sources (Cyanoacrylate = super glue or crazy glue!) With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

35. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Medical Applications Pharmaceutical Industry The development of certain medicines involves pharmaceutical engineering, a subfield of chemical engineering With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI Why do medicines cost so much? Is the cost unfair?

36. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Pulp and Paper Fiber materials are dissolved, thickened, diluted, refined, cleaned, and mixed into pulp Pulp is then bleached or colored, and mechanical processes are used to roll, press, dry, etc., the pulp into paper. diluted made thinner or weaker by adding water > Pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries worldwide. Chemical engineers are involved in many stages of paper manufacturing With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI Nice link on making paper: http://www.idahoforests.org/paprmake.htmhttp://www.idahoforests.org/paprmake.htm

37. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Cosmetics, Soaps and Fragrances Cosmetic products are chemically derived, and many chemical engineers are involved in the R&D of new products Fragrances are used outside of cosmetics, such as in air deodorizers and cleaning products, or added to dangerous substances to detect leaks With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

38. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Nanotechnology As will be discussed in biomedical engineering, nanotechnology involves engineering on a molecular scale. Chemical engineers are among the leaders in this emerging field, and work with many others. Video: CONNECT Virtual Lab: Nanotechnology (~2 min) With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

39. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering Types of Projects 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Food and Beverages Taste and Appearance Additives Pigments and Dyes Dyes are dissolved Synthetic dyes are common Adhesives White glue Rubber cement Cyanoacrylate Epoxy Silicone Medical Applications Pharmaceutical Industry Pulp and Paper Fiber materials are dissolved, thickened, diluted, refined, cleaned, and mixed into pulp Cosmetics, Soaps and Fragrances Nanotechnology With Modifications by Mr. Grodek, PVI

40. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 12 Chemical Engineering 12.2 Chemical Engineering Applications Section Chemical Engineering Careers American Institute of Chemical Engineers http://www.aiche.org/ http://www.chemicalengineering.org/ SLOAN & BYU & AICHE Careers in Chemical Engineering (10:01) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3B4ocfAXRw National Science Foundation video: Profile of Chemical Engineers (6:24) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-7B_YfHWXQ