1. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 System setup for the MP hammering process Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Flowchart of the MP hammering procedure Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Methodology to find the allowable sea states for the initial hammering process Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Elastic model of the gripper contact elements Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Numerical models for the soil–MP interactions Figure Legend:

6. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Typical soil reaction moment versus MP inclination due to cyclic loading with period of 6 s Figure Legend:

7. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Standard deviations of HLV motions at different MP penetration depths (pene) and wave conditions from 3-hr time-domain simulations (H s = 1.5 m, Dir = 150 deg) Figure Legend:

8. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Standard deviations of MP inclinations and contact forces on one hydraulic cylinder at different MP penetration depths (pene) and wave conditions from 3-hr time-domain simulations (H s = 1.5 m, Dir = 150 deg) Figure Legend:

9. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Response spectra of the gripper surge motion for two different wave peak periods at different MP penetration depths (pene): (a) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 5 s, Dir = 150 deg and (b) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 10 s, Dir = 150 deg Figure Legend:

10. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Response spectra of the gripper sway motion for two different wave peak periods at different MP penetration depths (pene): (a) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 5 s, Dir = 150 deg and (b) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 10 s, Dir = 150 deg Figure Legend:

11. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Response spectra of the HLV yaw motion for two different wave peak periods at different MP penetration depths (pene): (a) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 5 s, Dir = 150 deg and (b) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 10 s, Dir = 150 deg Figure Legend:

12. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Response spectra of the hydraulic cylinder force for two different wave peak period conditions at different MP penetration depths (pene): (a) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 5 s, Dir = 150 deg and (b) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 10 s, Dir = 150 deg Figure Legend:

13. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 STD of hydraulic cylinder contact forces at different MP penetration depths (pene) when using a jack-up vessel (H s = 1.5 m, Dir = 150 deg) Figure Legend:

14. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 p–y curves for different soil types Figure Legend:

15. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Extreme cylinder force in 3 hrs versus MP maximum inclination in 10 min for different sea states and soil properties at different penetrations: (a) H s = 2 m, T p = 6 s and (b) H s = 1.6 m, T p = 8 s Figure Legend:

16. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Mean upcrossing rate of the hydraulic cylinder force using 20 samples. Legends: time-domain simulation ( * ), curve fitting (–), empirical 95% confidence band (CI – – – ), smooth confidence band (CIextr · · · ): (a) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 6 s, pene = 4 m and (b) H s = 1.5 m, T p = 10 s, pene = 6 m Figure Legend:

17. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Extreme cylinder forces in 3 hrs at different penetration depths (pene): (a) H s = 0.8 m, Dir = 150 deg and (b) H s = 1.5 m, Dir = 150 deg Figure Legend:

18. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Illustration of the phases between hammering activities: (a) system mean position before hammering, (b) system position after hammering, (c) system equilibrium mean position after hammering, and (d) system mean position after correction Figure Legend:

19. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Responses of the HLV–MP coupled system after hammering and during the correction phase (corresponds to Figs. 18(b) to 18(d)) Figure Legend:

20. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Correction forces at different penetration depths (pene) and initial mean inclinations Figure Legend:

21. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Maximum MP inclination over 10 min at different penetration depths (pene): (a) H s = 0.8 m, Dir = 150 deg and (b) H s = 1.5 m, Dir = 150 deg Figure Legend:

22. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Case studies: (a) case 1, (b) case 2, (c) case 3, and (d) case 4 Figure Legend:

23. Date of download: 6/27/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Assessment of Allowable Sea States During Installation of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles With Shallow Penetration in the Seabed J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 2016;138(4):041902-041902-17. doi:10.1115/1.4033562 Allowable sea states for MP initial hammering operation for typical HLV headings Figure Legend: