1. Bell Ringer After swabbing the floor and culturing the plate for 48hrs at 37 C, you notice that there was not any growth. Explain why this may have occurred.

2. Objectives By the end of the lesson, students will be able to –Describe basic chemistry principles including different organic molecules –By understanding basic chemistry concepts, you will be able to grasp the various interactions between a microorganism and its environment

3. Organic Macromolecules Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms –Macromolecules – large molecules used by all organisms –Lipids –Carbohydrates –Proteins –Nucleic acids –Monomers – basic building blocks of macromolecules © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

4. Organic Macromolecules Functional Groups – specific chemical arrangement of atoms –NH 2 amino functional group –Found in amino acids –OH hydroxyl functional group –Found in alcohols –R (residue) stands for atoms in a compound that change from one molecule to another © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

5. Organic Macromolecules Lipids –Hydrophobic –Afraid of, or insoluble in water Four groups –Fats –Phospholipids –Waxes –Steroids © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

6. Organic Macromolecules Fats –Energy stored in covalent bonds © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

7. Organic Macromolecules Phospholipids –The fatty acid tail is nonpolar –Phospholipid head is polar –Forms phospholipid bilayer © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

8. Organic Macromolecules Waxes –Contain one long-chain fatty acid –Insoluble in water –Mycobacterium tuberculosis is surrounded by a waxy wall –Resistant to drying © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

9. Organic Macromolecules Steroids –Four rings fused –Hormones –Chemical messengers –Part of phospholipid membrane –Keeps membrane fluid and flexible at low temperatures © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

10. Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates –Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen –Functions –Long and short energy reserve –Make up DNA and RNA –Form cell wall –Cell to cell communication © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

11. Organic Macromolecules 1) Monosaccharides –Simplest sugars –Deoxyribose –Glucose 2) Disaccharides –Two monosaccharides linked together –sucrose (table sugar) © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

12. Figure 2.18 Monosaccharides-overview

13. Organic Macromolecules 3) Polysaccharide –More than two monosaccharides –Cellular structure or store energy –Peptidoglycan – long polymer composing bacterial cell walls –Cellulose – cell walls of plants –Glycogen – energy storage in animal cells © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

14. Figure 2.20 Polysaccharides-overview

15. Organic Macromolecules Proteins –Mostly composed of C, H, O, N, S –Functions –Structure –Enzymatic catalysis –Regulation –Transportation –Defense and offense © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

16. Organic Macromolecules Amino Acids –Monomers –21 amino acids –Side groups differ (R) among A.A –Peptide bond links amino acids via dehydration reaction © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

17. Figure 2.21 Amino acids-overview

18. Figure 2.23 Linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds Amino acid 1 Amino acid 2Dipeptide Peptide bond Carboxyl group Amino group Dehydration synthesis

19. Organic Macromolecules Protein Structure –Structure = function –1) Primary structure –Amino acid sequence –Combination unique to each protein –A single change in ONE amino acid can disrupt function –136th amino acid valine replaced with alanine causes formation of prions –Proteins spread, causing mad cow disease © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

20. Organic Macromolecules Protein Structure –2) Secondary structure –Polypeptide chain folds into α-helices and β-pleated sheets –Held together by hydrogen bonds –3) Tertiary structure –folds into 3D shapes –Held together by ionic bonds, hydrophobic hydrophilic forces, and disulfide bridges –4) Quaternary structure –Two or more tertiary structures coming together –Same as tertiary structure forces © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

21. Figure 2.24 Levels of protein structure-overview

22. Organic Macromolecules Protein Structure –Physical and chemical factors cause loss of shape = loss of function –pH changes, extreme hearting, changes in salt concentrations –Denaturation – disruption in the 3D structure of proteins –temporary or permanent © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

23. Organic Macromolecules Nucleic Acids –DNA and RNA: the genetic material of organisms –RNA also acts as enzyme, binds amino acids, and helps form polypeptides © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

24. Organic Macromolecules Nucleic Acids –Nucleotides are monomers that make up nucleic acids –Composed of three parts –Phosphate –Pentose sugar –Nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G) © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

25. Figure 2.25 Nucleotides-overview

26. Figure 2.26 General nucleic acid structure-overview

27. Organic Macromolecules Nucleic Acids –Nucleic acid function –DNA is genetic material of all organisms and of many viruses –Cells replicate and pass on DNA to their descendants –RNA helps synthesize proteins © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

28. Practice with Proteins With your partners, complete the handouts over protein structure.

29. Exit Slip 1) List the four main categories of organic molecules and identify one function for each molecule.

30. Friday Aseptic Technique Lab Review safety with Bunsen burner Purpose of aseptic technique Aseptic Technique Demonstration