1. Chemistry of Life Chapter 2

2. Why chemistry? Remember atoms?

3. Subatomic particles Two models of a helium atom Carbon atom

4. Electrons

5. Chemical bonds Three types

6. Ionic bonds

7. Formation of an ionic bond

8. Covalent bonds (make molecules)

9. Two types of covalent bonds Nonpolar Polar

10. Hydrogen bonds The weakest bonds

11. Properties of water b/c of H-bonding Water is a good solvent:

12. Properties of water b/c of H-bonding, cont. Large heat capacity: Low density as a solid:

13. Living systems are sensitive to acidic & basic conditions Most water molecules present as H 2 O, but some molecules break apart into H + ions and OH - ions

14. Living systems are sensitive to acidic & basic conditions Even slight change in pH can be harmful

15. Living things are made from & conduct chemical reactions A chemical reaction Two parts to a chemical reaction

16. Macromolecules polymer: monomer:

17. Making polymers: dehydration synthesis requires cellular energy

18. Breaking polymers: hydrolysis releases energy

19. Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

20. Carbohydrates

21. Monosaccharides the simplest of sugar Usually in ring form in solution

22. Glucose... in humans,

23. Polysaccharides two functions

24. Making a polysaccharide by dehydration synthesis

25. Polysaccharides

26. Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

27. Lipids types of lipids

28. dehydration synthesis between 2 molecules, a fatty acid and a glycerol

29. Fats (triglycerides) two kinds of fat

31. Phospholipids

32. Phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane

33. Sterols/steroids

34. Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

35. Proteins chief building blocks of all life

36. Amino acids central carbon atom w/ carboxyl group, amino group & an R group (side chain) – the R group determines the characteristics

37. Expanded amino acid structures

38. Making a protein by dehydration synthesis (release an amino acid by hydrolysis)

39. Protein structure and function denaturation – caused by

40. Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

41. DNA and RNA

42. Nucleotide structure three parts

43. Part of a polynucleotide called the sugar- phosphate backbone

44. Comparing DNA & RNA DNA RNA