1. Fascism in Japan

2. FASCISM Use of violence and terror Censorship and government control of news State control of economy Rule by dictator Strong military Extreme nationalism Blind loyalty to leader Strict discipline Today we will look at Fascism in Japan.

3. Set up a piece of paper with these items on the left side Use of violence and terror Censorship and government control of news State control of economy Rule by dictator Strong military Extreme nationalism Blind loyalty to leader Strict discipline Fascism in Japan

4. We will be taking some notes on Japan in the 1930’s As we look at Japan and the Rape of Nanking, record examples of how Japan is becoming a Fascist country. Use the Key words on the left and fill in examples from Japan

5. Japan Seeks an Empire What do you remember about Japan’s experience with America? Tell your partner As a result, Japan swore never to lose to a Western power again so they embarked on a swift modernization process. They modernized everything from the military to industry in less than 50 years. Many Japanese died in this process as the economy was rebuilt from one of hand made goods and crafts to a fully industrialized factory system.

6. 1920s & Peace During the 1920s Japan became more democratic In 1922 they signed a treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders It’s constitution severely weakened the power of the PM & cabinet Military leaders reported only to the emperor

7. Great Depression leads to Fascism With the crash in the US no one could afford expensive Japanese silks especially with tariffs attached – Lesson learned: Don’t trust the West. When the GD hit in 1929 many Japanese blamed the gov’t & military leaders soon won control of the gov’t Unlike the fascists in Europe, they did not try to create a new system of gov’t. Instead they looked to restore traditional control of the gov’t to the military like the days of the samurai & the shogun Instead of a forceful leader like Hitler or Mussolini, they made the emperor the symbol of state power

8. Arrests & Censorship In the early 1930s left wing political dissidents were arrested in large numbers (over 30,000 between 1930- 1933) In response, a large group of writers founded a Japanese branch of the International Popular Front Against Fascism, and published articles in major literary journals warning of the dangers of statism. Their periodical, The People's Library, achieved a circulation of over five thousand and was widely read in literary circles, but was eventually censored, and later dismantled in January 1938

9. Gov’t Censors At Work

10. “Luxury is our enemy” “Electric power is military power”

11. “Rise All Japanese Citizens” “To Manchuria”

12. Once Japan’s army was the equal of any in Europe or the US, they assisted the Allies in WWI and invaded Russia and China, sometimes inventing reasons to attack. These reasons often included arguments about Japan’s Right to these natural resources because of their natural superiority.

13. Keeping Hirohito (124 th Emperor) as head of state won popular support They wanted to solve the country’s economic problems through foreign expansion They planned a Pacific empire that included a conquered China. So much for that treaty… The empire would provide Japan with raw materials & a market for its goods It would also give Japan room for it’s rising population. Breathing room? Japan was assuming responsibility for “peace” in all of Asia known as “Asia for Asians”

15. In school children were taught that they should put the nation before the self and that they were part of the state and not separate from it. The propaganda in Japan was all about connecting the Japanese people with their glorious past; not unlike what Hitler & Mussolini did in their respective countries. As well as the danger posed by the West. – Papers that said “ War is the father of creation & the mother of culture.”

16. With the help of Japan, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be in peace."

17. Japan Invades Manchuria Manchuria, China’s northeast province, was rich in iron & coal. In 1931 they seized Manchuria despite objections from parliament The army then set up a puppet gov’t Engineers & technicians arrived in large numbers to build mines & factories This was the first direct challenge to the League of Nations. Many League members protested vigorously but Japan ignored the protests & withdrew from the League in 1933 as Germany did as well. This is going to push them to ally with Germany & Italy for WWII

18. Japan Invades China 4 years later a border incident touched off a full scale war between Japan & China Despite having a million soldiers, China’s army was no match for the better equipped & trained Japanese

19. Manchuria and beyond Piece by piece, Japan seized islands and other territory in Asia and created their own Japanese Imperialism. They were known as cruel and brutal masters, often raping and torturing those who came into their power. This was especially true of the Rape of Nanking, a city in China where citizens were tortured and murdered as a way of controlling and intimidating the Chinese.

20. Japanese Propaganda The Secret of Japanese Strength- The Samurai

21. Before

22. After

23. Japan’s Expanding Empire

24. Toshie's experiences Trained to revere the emperor, Both brothers required to join the army (both died) Lived under a food requisitioning system. Every household in the village was required to meet a quota of food production. Since Toshie's family's land was unproductive, their quota amounted to almost all their crop. Forced to work at the docks in a labor gang alongside American prisoners of war and slave laborers from China and Korea. Had to participate in the activities of the National Women's Defense Association. Her duties included sending off the young men who left for the army, helping families who had lost their sons, attending lectures and rallies on the war effort, membership in the air raid squad, sewing of thousand stitch belts and care packages, and putting on entertainments for the villagers. The most striking thing about Toshie's experience of the war was how little choice she and the other members of her family had. None of them could stop her brothers going to war, and dying. The crops had to be brought in, and their food delivery quotas had to be met. Toshie's father made her go out to work '“ and he kept all of her wages. From "Coercion and Consent: The Home Front in Japan" by Simon Partner, an assistant professor of history.

25. Japan in China Japan has far fewer people in their army than the Chinese have citizens. Japan has to come up with a strategy that will let them successfully take over China. Today we will look at that strategy as it plays out in the City of Nanking. Get your chrome books & open the file titled Nanking Chart/DBQ

26. Source: What type of document is this? What country is it from? Do you trust this document? Why or why not? Doc ADoc B

27. Source: What type of document is this? What country is it from? Do you trust this document? Why or why not? Doc ADoc B -Japanese Textbook 2005 -Reformed version -Bias!

28. Source: What type of document is this? What country is it from? Do you trust this document? Why or why not? Doc ADoc B -Japanese Textbook 2005 -Reformed version -Bias! -Chinese textbook --They are the victims; could be exaggerating?

29. Close Reading: What does this document say happened during the Japanese invasion of Nanking? Doc ADoc B

30. Close Reading: What does this document say happened during the Japanese invasion of Nanking? Doc ADoc B -Chinese started it by killing Japanese soldiers -Question # of Chinese killed & say there is no evidence that rapes occurred

31. Close Reading: What does this document say happened during the Japanese invasion of Nanking? Doc ADoc B -Chinese started it by killing Japanese soldiers -Question # of Chinese killed & say there is no evidence that rapes occured -Called it a massacre -More details about the killings: burning, mass killing, beheading, biting by dogs -Most horrible event in World History -20,000-80,000 rapes -Disemboweling people

32. Source: What type of doc is this? What country is it from? Do you trust it? Doc CDoc D

33. Source: What type of doc is this? What country is it from? Do you trust it? Doc CDoc D -Chinese survivor; 7years old at the time -Memory recall might be an issue

34. Source: What type of doc is this? What country is it from? Do you trust it? Doc CDoc D -Chinese survivor; 7years old at the time -Memory recall might be an issue -Japanese soldier -From his diary; published in 1987 -Might be trying to exonerate himself

35. Close Reading: What does this doc say happened during the invasion of Nanking? Doc CDoc D

36. Close Reading: What does this doc say happened during the invasion of Nanking? Doc CDoc D -dozen soldiers came into her house, killed her father, stabbed her baby sister & raped her mother. Killed her grandparents & raped her sisters

37. Close Reading: What does this doc say happened during the invasion of Nanking? Doc CDoc D -dozen soldiers came into her house, killed her father, stabbed her baby sister & raped her mother. Killed her grandparents & raped her sisters -They enjoyed killing the Japanese -Burned them alive, beat them with clubs, tortured them -Equated with killing animals -Women were raped -All was done for the emperor & the glory of Japan

38. Corroborate: What are the similarities in the two accounts of the invasion of Nanking? What are the differences? Why do you think the two accounts differ?

39. Claim: What do you think happened during the invasion of Nanking? Are you confident that that you know what happened? Why or why not?

40. Evidence: Provide a quotation to support your claim of what happened during the Japanese invasion of Nanking. Doc CDoc D

41. Corroborate: What are the similarities in the two accounts of the invasion of Nanking? What are the differences? Why do you think the two accounts differ?

42. Claim: What do you think happened during the invasion of Nanking? Are you confident that that you know what happened? Why or why not?

43. Your Textbook (Document E) The following is an excerpt from YOUR textbook explaining the Japanese attack on Nanking. Source: McDougal Littel, Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Published 2006. “In 1936, a border incident touched off a full-scale war between Japan and China. Japanese forces swept into northern China. Despite having a million soldiers, China’s army led by Jiang Jieshi was no match for the better equipped and trained Japanese. Beijing and other northern cities as well as the capital, Nanjing, fell to the Japanese in 1937. Japanese troops killed tens of thousands of captured soldiers and civilians in Nanjing. Forced to retreat westward, Jiang Jieshi set up a new capital at Chongqing. At the same time, Chinese guerillas led by China’s Communist leader, Mao Zedong, continued to fight the Japanese in the conquered area.

44. Long Term Effects… There is a long standing distrust between the citizens of Japan and China, though politicians and businessmen have overcome this. The Japanese were so shamed by their history, they removed it from their history books. These atrocities and others are not taught to Japanese students. Japan gave up their Army after WWII. The USA has agreed to protect Japan from foreign invasion.

45. Totalitarianism Germany under Hitler Italy under Mussolini CommunismFascism China under Mao Zedong Russian under Stalin Japan under Hirohito Cuba under Castro