1. Chapter 4 and 5 Ecosystems and Communities Pages 86-137

2. Climate v. Weather WeatherClimate day-to-day condition of the Earth’s atmosphere in a particular location Average, year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation Delaware Valley weather today (partly-sunny, mid-70s) During the summer, the South Jersey area is usually hot and humid with afternoon thunderstorms Effected by: air currents Effected by: atmosphere, wind, water nearby, latitude, land forms

3. The Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect caused by GHGs such as Carbon dioxide and methane trapping heat in the atmosphere causing temperature of Earth to rise Greenhouse Effect caused by GHGs such as Carbon dioxide and methane trapping heat in the atmosphere causing temperature of Earth to rise

4. Greenhouse Gas functions GHGs allow solar energy through and traps some of the heat to keep the Earth’s temperature constant GHGs allow solar energy through and traps some of the heat to keep the Earth’s temperature constant Too many GHGs make the Earth warmer Too many GHGs make the Earth warmer

5. Global Warming As greenhouse gases increase, the Earth heats up. As greenhouse gases increase, the Earth heats up. The overall rise in the Earth’s average temperature is called Global Warming. The overall rise in the Earth’s average temperature is called Global Warming. Causes: Causes: Increased levels of carbon dioxide as well as other gases such as methane,(coal, landfills), nitrous oxide (fertilizers) in the atmosphere from human activities. Increased levels of carbon dioxide as well as other gases such as methane,(coal, landfills), nitrous oxide (fertilizers) in the atmosphere from human activities. Traps the heat in the atmosphere & causes the planet to heat up. Traps the heat in the atmosphere & causes the planet to heat up.

6. EFFECTS *cause melting of polar ice caps & glaciers which can cause oceans to rise *cause melting of polar ice caps & glaciers which can cause oceans to rise *rising ocean levels can cause flooding in low level coastal areas *rising ocean levels can cause flooding in low level coastal areas *change weather patterns *change weather patterns * Loss of habitat for many animals ex: polar bear * Loss of habitat for many animals ex: polar bear It is on the Arctic ice that the polar bear makes its living, which is why global warming is such a serious threat to its well-being. It is on the Arctic ice that the polar bear makes its living, which is why global warming is such a serious threat to its well-being.

7. Increased carbon dioxide levels, increases temperature, melts ice, decreases seals (polar bears food ), polar bears die off Increased carbon dioxide levels, increases temperature, melts ice, decreases seals (polar bears food ), polar bears die off http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pl ayer_embedded&v=yzD7zzsRw_k http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pl ayer_embedded&v=yzD7zzsRw_k

8. Latitude and Climate Because of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has different climate zones Because of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has different climate zones

9. Three Major Climate Zones Polar Zones Polar Zones Cold areas, near North and South PolesCold areas, near North and South Poles Sun strikes at low anglesSun strikes at low angles Temperate Zones Temperate Zones Middle zone between polar and tropicsMiddle zone between polar and tropics Climate ranges between hot and coldClimate ranges between hot and cold Tropical Zones Tropical Zones Near the equatorNear the equator Receive direct sunlight making it warm all year roundReceive direct sunlight making it warm all year round

10. 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 10 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Effect of Latitude on Climate Earth’s Main Climate Zones Sunlight Most direct sunlight 90°N North Pole Temperate Tropical Temperate Polar Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle 90°S South Pole 66.5°S 23.5°S 23.5°N 66.5°N Polar Sunlight 0°

11. What Shapes an Ecosystem? Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. The biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem are called biotic factors. The biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem are called biotic factors. Biotic factors include all the living things with which an organism might interact. (Plants,animals,bacteria) Biotic factors include all the living things with which an organism might interact. (Plants,animals,bacteria)

12. Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors. Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include: Abiotic factors include: temperature temperature precipitation precipitation humidity humidity wind wind nutrient availability nutrient availability soil type soil type sunlight sunlight

13. What shapes an ecosystem? Niche Niche Competition Competition Exponential growth Exponential growth Logistic growth Logistic growth Carrying Capacity Carrying Capacity

14. The Niche The Niche A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Ex: range of temperatures, step in the food chain Ex: range of temperatures, step in the food chain

15. 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 15 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree. Yellow-Rumped Warbler Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeding height (m) 0 6 12 18 Cape May Warbler

16. CompetitionCompetition Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. A resource is any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space. A resource is any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.

17. Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive. Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

18. Exponential Growth Exponential Growth Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, & protection from predators & disease, a population will grow exponentially.Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, & protection from predators & disease, a population will grow exponentially. DEF. -Exponential growth occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. Population reaches an infinitely large size.DEF. -Exponential growth occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. Population reaches an infinitely large size. *Characterized by a J shaped curve.*Characterized by a J shaped curve.

20. Logistic Growth Logistic Growth In nature, exponential growth does not continue in a population for very long. In nature, exponential growth does not continue in a population for very long. Def: Logistic growth occurs when a population's growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth Def: Logistic growth occurs when a population's growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth

21. 1. As resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops.1. As resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops. 2. When birthrate decreases, deathrate increases.2. When birthrate decreases, deathrate increases. 3. When immigration decreases, emigration increases3. When immigration decreases, emigration increases

22. Logistic growth is characterized by an S-shaped curve.

23. Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity Def:The largest number of individuals that a given environment can support is called its carrying capacity. Def:The largest number of individuals that a given environment can support is called its carrying capacity. *When a population reaches the carrying capacity of its environment, its growth levels off. The average growth rate is zero. *When a population reaches the carrying capacity of its environment, its growth levels off. The average growth rate is zero.

24. More interactions Limiting factors Limiting factors Density dependentDensity dependent Density independentDensity independent Predation Predation Symbiosis Symbiosis MutualismMutualism CommensalismCommensalism parasitismparasitism

25. Limiting Factors In the context of populations, a limiting factor is a factor that causes population growth to decrease. In the context of populations, a limiting factor is a factor that causes population growth to decrease. Examples: Predation, Parasitism & Disease, Drought & other Climate Extremes, Human Disturbances Examples: Predation, Parasitism & Disease, Drought & other Climate Extremes, Human Disturbances

26. Density-Dependent Factors Density-Dependent Factors A limiting factor that depends on population size is called a density- dependent limiting factor. A limiting factor that depends on population size is called a density- dependent limiting factor. These factors operate most strongly when a population is large. These factors operate most strongly when a population is large. Ex: predation, disease,competition Ex: predation, disease,competition

27. Density-Independent Factors *Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size. *Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size.

28. Examples of density-independent limiting factors include: Examples of density-independent limiting factors include: unusual weather unusual weather natural disasters natural disasters certain human activities— such as damming rivers and deforestation certain human activities— such as damming rivers and deforestation

29. Density - Dependent Density - Independent RabbitsFoxesFlowersTreesMice Humans Humans Only involve 2 or 3 species Only involve 2 or 3 species RabbitsFoxesFlowersTreesMiceHumans Severe Drought Involve all species regardless of population size Involve all species regardless of population size

30. Predation Populations in nature are often controlled by predation. Populations in nature are often controlled by predation. *The regulation of a population by predation takes place within a predator-prey relationship. *The regulation of a population by predation takes place within a predator-prey relationship. Predator- hunter Predator- hunter Prey- hunted Prey- hunted

32. Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include: Symbiotic relationships include: mutualismmutualism commensalismcommensalism parasitismparasitism

33. Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

34. Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.

35. Parasitism and Disease Parasites like predators can limit the growth of a population by causing disease. Parasites like predators can limit the growth of a population by causing disease.

36. Botfly larva Botfly larva It is the only family of flies whose larvae live as parasites within the bodies of mammals It is the only family of flies whose larvae live as parasites within the bodies of mammalslarvae parasitesmammalslarvae parasitesmammals

37. Ecological Succession Ecological Succession – the process by which a series of predictable changes occur in a community Ecological Succession – the process by which a series of predictable changes occur in a community Primary Succession – where succession starts when no soil exists,after volcanic eruption Primary Succession – where succession starts when no soil exists,after volcanic eruption Secondary Succession – when succession occurs after a disturbance (i.e. wild fire) Secondary Succession – when succession occurs after a disturbance (i.e. wild fire)

38. Primary

39. Secondary

40. Demography is the study of populations Demography helps to explain the patterns of population growth and decline Demography helps to explain the patterns of population growth and decline Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure help predict the growth rate of countries Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure help predict the growth rate of countries

41. 5-1 How Populations Grow Slide 41 of 22 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Population Growth Three factors can affect population size: the number of births the number of deaths the number of individuals that enter or leave the population A population can grow when its birthrate is greater than its death rate.

42. The Demographic Transition Over the past century, population growth in the United States, Japan, and much of Europe has slowed dramatically. Over the past century, population growth in the United States, Japan, and much of Europe has slowed dramatically. According to demographers, these countries have completed the demographic transition, a dramatic change in birth and death rates. According to demographers, these countries have completed the demographic transition, a dramatic change in birth and death rates.

43. Demographic Transition The shift of population growth The shift of population growth Divided into 3 stages Divided into 3 stages Stage IStage I Stage IIStage II Stage III/IVStage III/IV

44. The demographic transition has three stages. The demographic transition has three stages. In stage 1, there are high death rates and high birthrates. In stage 1, there are high death rates and high birthrates. In stage 2 &3, the death rate drops, while the birthrate remains high. The population increases rapidly. In stage 2 &3, the death rate drops, while the birthrate remains high. The population increases rapidly. In stage 4, the birthrate decreases, causing population growth to slow. In stage 4, the birthrate decreases, causing population growth to slow.

45. Countries such as China,India & Africa still have not reached the Demographic Transition. They are currently in Stage 2. There birth rates are still considerably high. Countries such as China,India & Africa still have not reached the Demographic Transition. They are currently in Stage 2. There birth rates are still considerably high.