1. Mesopotamia - The Land Between Two Rivers Mesopotamia was a place where many cities began to grow. The two rivers were the Tigris and the Euphrates. Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East, surrounded by desert. People came to Mesopotamia because the soil between the two rivers was very fertile.

2. First settled by small tribes of farmers who planted barley, peas, and wheat. They cut through the riverbanks to irrigate (water) their crops. People who lived in this region: Sumerians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Chaldeans.

3. Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East. USA

5. Mesopotamia was located in what is now the country of Iraq.

6. Mesopotamia was part of a larger region called the Fertile Crescent. This area, that stretched from the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea down to the Persian Gulf, had fertile soil and was where many civilizations started. The shape is somewhat similar to a crescent (think of a crescent roll or a crescent-shaped moon).

7. The Cradle of Civilization The first civilizations and examples of writing were found in Southwest Asia. These things began in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization because the first civilizations began there, about 5,500 years ago in 3500 BCE.

8. Sumer Major cities/towns: Eridu, Nippur, Lagash, Kish, and Ur “Temple Towns” because they were centered around the temple to the local god or goddess. These later grew into City-States – the basis for the first true civilizations.

9. City-States Formed Along the Rivers Many city-states formed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. They each had their own form of government, and the people worshipped different gods and goddesses. Eventually, they each had their own kings. The region where the two rivers meet was called Sumer. The people who lived in the Sumer region were called Sumerians.

10. Why Did These Cities Develop? Due to the fertile soil in Mesopotamia, farming was very successful. In fact, people were able to create surpluses of food. This meant that some people could stop farming and begin doing other things, like building a city. As cities began to develop, people began to worry about others who might come and invade their city. They wanted to protect themselves from enemies, so people in Mesopotamia built walls around their cities.

11. Sumerians Remember, Sumer is the region where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers meet. Writing first began in Sumerian cities. The first schools were set up in Sumer over 4,000 years ago. Sumerian schools taught boys the new invention of writing. Those who graduated became professional writers called scribes. Scribes were the only people who could keep records for the kings and priests. Boys that wanted to be scribes had to attend school from the age of 8 to the age of 20.

12. Sumerian Writing Scribes used a sharp point called a stylus to etch words into clay tablets. These tablets have been discovered by archaeologists and looked at by historians.

13. A Sumerian City Sumerian city streets were so narrow that you could hardly get a cart through them. Sumerian houses faced away from crowded streets. Instead, they faced onto courtyards where families ate and children played. Narrow Streets Courtyard Area

14. Sumerian Cities On hot nights, people slept outdoors on the top of their house’s flat roof. Sumerians had a form of light at night. They burned oil lamps. Sumerians even had plumbing! Clay pipes that were buried underground carried their waste away. Inventions like plumbing wouldn’t come around for another thousand years in other parts of the world!

15. Sumerians contributed to the development of metalworking, wheeled carts, and pottery wheels. Invented cuneiform writing and developed the first calendar based on the phases of the moon.

16. Sumerian Religion Sumerians worshipped many gods, which is called polytheism. “Poly” means many and “Theism” means gods. Pictured: a ziggurat (“holy tower”). Ziggurats were the main temples used to worship the gods of a city. They were built in the center of the city and had external steps and ramps. It was believed that the gods descended to the Earth using the ziggurat as a ladder.

17. ziggurat Gods Sumerian Mythology Sumerian myths, or stories, explained people’s beliefs. Sumerians believed that a person must keep the gods happy by going to the ziggurat and praying to them. They believed that the gods would reward them for good service. They also believed that the gods would punish the people who made them angry.

18. The most important gods were seen as human forms of natural forces – sky, earth, sun, storm, and water. The gods were worshipped in the great temples and in small shrines in family homes.

19. Warfare among the cities led to the rise of kings, called lugals. Sumeria became a more unified state with a common culture and centralized government. This led to the establishment of an army and a bureaucracy (hierarchy of authority). By 2375 BCE, most of Sumer was united under one king – Lugalzaggisi of Umma.

20. The Downfall of the Sumerians Each of the Sumerian city-states had a ruler, and these city-states began fighting each other over land and the use of river water. Since the Sumerians were constantly at war with each other, they became weak. By 2000 BCE, Sumer was a weakened area and by 1759 BCE, Sumer was conquered by another group of people - the Babylonians, who were from the north.