1. A New Republic GOODNIGHT – NOVEMBER 2015

2. The Articles of Confederation  There were many faults with the Articles of Confederation:  1) The national government could NOT collect taxes  2) The national government could NOT establish a military force  3) The national government had NO Executive Branch (President)  4) The national government had NO Judicial Branch (Court System)  HOWEVER – it did do some good things:  1) Managed agreements with other nations  2) Could appoint military officers  3) Established a Postal System

3. But there was an issue…  Some people thought that there should be some form of national government to help lead the states. These people were called FEDERALISTS because they were FOR having a stronger national government  Others thought that the power to rule should stay with the individual states, and were against a strong federal government. These people were called ANTI-FEDERALISTS.  Famous Federalists: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison  Famous Anti-Federalists: Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, Thomas Jefferson

4. So – they had a meeting…  In Annapolis, Maryland, representatives from the 13 States met to discuss the Articles of Confederation.  After some debate, they decided that instead of trying to FIX them, they needed to get rid of them and create a new government system altogether.

5. The Virginia Plan  Proposed on May 29 th, 1787 by James Madison and Edmund Randolph  Proposed a BICAMERAL Legislature (Which is the legislative branch = Congress). These means Congress would be broken into TWO parts  States got their number of representatives based on POPULATION  Examples: A larger state (like Virginia) would receive more votes than Delaware, because Virginia would have more people living in it.

6. The Virginia Plan…  Proposed THREE Branches of Government:  1) Legislative (Congress)  2) Executive  3) Judicial (National Court System)  The Legislative Branch would have the power to CHOOSE who served in the Executive and Judicial Branches  The Congress was BICAMERAL – meaning two houses, or two parts:  1) The House of Representatives (Elected by the people of each state)  2) Senate (Elected by State Legislatures)

7. The New Jersey Plan  Proposed on June 15 th, 1787 by William Patterson  Supported mainly by smaller states  Proposed a UNICAMERAL legislature – meaning Congress would only have ONE part  States each got ONE representative in this plan  Example: Virginia would have 1 vote for their state, so would New York, NC. No matter how big the state’s population, they would get ONE vote.

8. The New Jersey Plan…  The government would also have THREE BRANCHES, but:  The people elected the Legislature (Congress), then…  Congress chose people to serve in the Executive Branch, then…  The Executive Branch chose people to serve in the Judicial Branch  Congress was UNCIAMERAL, meaning one house, or one part.  Congress had one member representing each state

9.  The Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan were kind of combined to form another plan.  This came to be called the Connecticut Plan, or the GREAT COMPROMISE of 1789  It proposed to have THREE BRANCHES (Legislative, Executive, Judicial)  Would have a BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE – meaning two houses, or two parts  1) The House of Representatives (Number of Representatives based upon a state’s population – more people means more votes)  2) The Senate (Each state gets 2 Senators, no matter the size of the state. Period!)  This would form the basis of our national government in a document called THE CONSTITUTION How to fix this??

10. But there is a separate issue… What about slavery??  What “fixes” this?  The 3/5 th Compromise:  Said that a slave would count as 3/5 of a person towards BOTH Population AND Taxes NORTHERN STATES: 1)Wanted slaves to count towards taxes 2)Don’t want slaves counting towards the population of the states. SOUTHERN STATES: 1)Wanted slaves to count towards population in their states 2)Don’t want slaves to count towards taxes

11. What about North Carolina?  9/13 states had to agree to ratify the Constitution for it to go into effect.  North Carolina voted against it, at first. It would take 2 years for North Carolina to ratify (or approve) the Constitution and officially join the United States  Rhode Island also refused – but there were enough to ratify the Constitution and it went into effect.  In 1789, the states that had ratified the Constitution voted for President, and George Washington was elected.

12. The Constitution…  The Constitution has SEVEN different articles, or parts, in it. Each part gives directions on how the federal government should be set up, and the power that part has.  The Constitution is often called a “living document” because it can be change as time goes on, and different concerns come up during different time periods

13. Article I  Article I talks specifically about the power of the Legislative Branch – also known as Congress.  It tells us what Congress can do, how Congress is split up, and how you can get into Congress.

14. Article I The House of RepresentativesThe Senate Must be at least 25 years oldMust be at least 30 years old Must have been a US Citizen for 7 years Must have been a US Citizen for 9 years Must live in the state you want to represent State’s number of representatives is based on population – 435 total in the House Each state gets 2 Senators regardless of population – 100 total in the Senate Elected for 2 year termsElected for 6 year terms All bills designed to raise money must start here! The Senate acts as the jury during impeachment trials 535 TOTAL

15. However…  Congress does not hold ALL the power. In order for a Bill to be approved, it must first pass BOTH the House and the Senate before going on to the President to become a law.  So how much do they make?  $174,000 a year… + Benefits, travel expenses, a stipend, and free mail delivery

16. The Powers of Congress:  Here is what Congress CAN do:  Collect taxes  Borrow money and pay debts  Make rules on how to become a citizen  Regulate trade with other countries, between states, and with Native Americans  Create money and punish counterfeiters  Establish Post Offices  Give patents to new inventions  Create Lower Federal Courts (below the Supreme Court)  Punish pirates  Declare war and support an Army and Navy

17. VERY IMPORTANT!!  Last but not least, Congress can make ANY laws that they see are “Necessary and Proper” to carrying out their powers on that list.  This is known as “The Necessary and Proper Clause” or the “Elastic Clause”

18. Article II  Article II discusses the Executive Branch, how it is set up, the powers it has, and who can be elected.  For the purposes of this class, the President has 8 “HATS”, or roles, he must take on as he is serving.  1) National Leader5) Commander-in-Chief  2) Chief Executive6) Chief Legislator  3) Chief Magistrate7) Chief Architect of US Foreign Policy  4) Party Leader8) Chief of State

19. The Presidential Powers  Acts as the Commander of the Armed Forces  Keeps a Cabinet of Advisors for the 15 Executive Departments  Grants pardons for federal crimes  Negotiates treaties with other countries  Appoints ambassadors, Supreme Court Justices, federal court judges, and Cabinet members  Makes a State of the Union Address  Represents the US when dealing with other countries  Makes sure laws are executed

20. Wanna be President?  You must be:  1) AT LEAST 35 years old  2) A NATURAL-BORN US Citizen  3) Must have lived in the US the last 14 years  The President serves a 4 year term  Can serve a MAXIMUM of 2 terms (= 8 years)  This is directly from George Washington, who started the tradition of serving two terms and not serving again. How much does the Prez make? $400,000 a year… + Benefits, $100,000 for travel expenses, $50,000 for living expenses, and $19,000 for “entertainment”

21. The President’s Cabinet  The Secretary of Defense  The Secretary of State  The Secretary of the Treasury  The Attorney General  The Secretary of the InteriorThe Secretary of Transportation  The Secretary of AgricultureThe Secretary of Energy  The Secretary of CommerceThe Secretary of Education  The Secretary of LaborThe Secretary of Veteran Affairs  The Secretary of Health and Human ServicesThe Secretary of Homeland Security  The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Known as the “Inner Circle – Most important Cabinet Members