1. Chapter 4 – Literature Pearson Longman © 2009 “This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.” THE ART OF BEING HUMAN 9 TH EDITION

2. LITERATURE AS HISTORY & IDENTITY In the past as in the present, people have used literature to define themselves and their times. Pearson Longman © 2009

3. THE EPIC The epic is a long narrative poem recounting actions and adventures of a courageous, strong, and cunning hero who may be without moral virtue.  Gilgamesh  The Iliad Pearson Longman © 2009

4. POETRY In the past as in the present, people have used elevated language above everyday language or prose. Lyrical poetry – sung like lyrics Sappho (ca. 6 th B.C. E.) Catullus (54 B.C.E.) Pearson Longman © 2009

5. POETRY The Sonnet – a fourteen line poetic form Petrarch (1304-1374) Shakespeare (1564-1616) Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936) Pearson Longman © 2009

6. POETRY Haiku - a short poem of 17 syllables distributed over three lines –five, seven, five. Matsuo Basho (1644-1694) Kobayashi Issa (1763-1827) Pearson Longman © 2009

7. POETRY Simple Forms, Profound Meaning William Blake (1757-1827) Religious Poetry Psalms Pearson Longman © 2009

8. POETRY Modernism Emily Dickenson (1830-1886) The Harlem Renaissance Georgia Douglas Johnson (1886-1966) Contemporary Poetry Archibald MacLeish (1892-1982) Billie Collins (b. 1941) Michael Blumenthal (b. 1949) Pearson Longman © 2009

9. THE NOVEL The novel is a long narrative of adventures, battles, conquests and complicated human relationships - “the stuff of fiction”. Historical beginnings 1000 years ago - The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu The Middle Ages – romances The Italian Renaissance – the novella Pearson Longman © 2009

10. THE NOVEL Early Western Novel  the picaresque novel – Miguel Cervantes (1547-1616) Don Quixote The Novel in America  American Classics - F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) A Farewell to Arms Pearson Longman © 2009

11. THE NOVEL The Non-Western Novel  Afghan-born Novelist Khaled Hosseini (b. 1966) The Kite Runner Pearson Longman © 2009

12. THE SHORT STORY The short story is essentially an American invention. It is a brief work featuring one central action.  Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) “The Telltale Heart”  Shirley Jackson (1919-1965) “The Lottery”  Nadine Gordimer (b. 1923) “ A Beneficiary” Pearson Longman © 2009