1. ROMAN REPUBLIC
ROMAN EMPIRE
UNIT 11
FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE

2. ACCORDING TO LEGEND, ROME WAS FOUNDED IN 753 BC IN THE CENTRE OF THE ITALIAN PENINSULA. THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED ON THE ITALIAN PENINSULA DURING THIS PERIOD CAME FROM DIFFERENT ORIGINS

3. ACCORDING TO LEGEND, ROMULUS AND REMUS WERE THE TWIN SONS OF THE GOD MARS AND ETRUSCAN KING´S DAUGHTER. THEY WERE ABANDONED AS BABIES IN THE TIBER RIVER, AND WERE RAISED BY A WOLF. LATER, WHEN THE TWINS WERE ADULTS, THEY DECIDED TO FOUND A CITY. BUT THEY HAD A DISAGREEMENT, AND ROMULUS KILLED REMUS. ROMULUS CALLED TH NEW CITY ROME AND BECAME ITS FIRST KING.

4. ANCIENT ROME TIMELINE

5. SENATORS AND RULERS OF THE GOVERNMENT
NON CITIZENS
CITIZENS
LIBERTI
PLEBEIANS
PATRICIANS
SENATORS AND RULERS OF THE GOVERNMENT
SLAVES
THE PATRICIANS WERE LANDOWNERS AND HELD ALL THE IMPORTANT POLITICAL POSITIONS
THE PLEBEIANS WERE THE MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION. THEY WERE FREE BUT IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC THEY DID NOT HAVE THE SAME POLITICAL RIGHTS AS PATRICIANS
SLAVES HAD NO RIGHTS. FREED SLAVES, CALLED LIBERTI, DID NOT BECAME CITIZENS

6. THE MONARCHY
753 BC-509 BC
EARLY ROME WAS A MONARCHY. THERE WERE FOUR LATIN KINGS, WHO WERE LATER FOLLOWED BY THREE ETRUSCAN KINGS. THE KINGS HELD POLITICAL, MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY.
THE ROMANS DEPOSED THE LAST ETRUSCAN KING IN 509 BC AND ESTABLISHED A NEW SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: THE REPUBLIC

7. ROMAN REPUBLIC 509 BC – 27 BC CONSUL PRAETOR CENSOR SENATE MAGISTRATES
LED THE ARMY AND CALLED THE ASSEMBLY
PRAETOR
SUPERVISED JUSTICE
CENSOR
CONTROLLED THE PROMOTION OF PATRICIANS TO STATE
MAGISTRATES
HAD POWER OVER POLITICS, JUSTICE AND TAXATION
COMITIA
ELECTED MAGISTRATES AND APPROVED LAWS
SENATE
THE MOST IMPORTANT INSTITUTION IN THE REPUBLIC. IT COULD DECLARE WAR
TRIBUNE OF THE PLEBEIANS
DEFENDED THE RIGHTS OF THE PLEBEIANS
ENTERED GOVERNMENT PATRICIANS
PLEBEIANS EXCLUDED FROM THE SENATE
ELECTED
FORMED

8. 509 BC – 27 BC
ROMAN REPUBLIC
THE EXPANSION OF ROME

9. THE ROMAN EMPIRE

10. MAP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

11. CITIES HAD A GRID SYSTEM, SIMILARA TO A MILITARY CAMP
ROMAN CITIES
ROMAN CITIES WERE CENTRES OF ROMANISATION. THEY HELPED TO SPREAD ROMAN CULTURE THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE
They had two main streets: the cardo (North to South), and the decumanus (East to West)
CITIES HAD A GRID SYSTEM, SIMILARA TO A MILITARY CAMP
THE FORUM WAS THE CENTRAL SQUARE WHERE THE TWO STREETS CROSSED.
POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TOOK PLACE THERE

12. ROMAN CITIES
THERE WERE MANY TYPE OF BUILDINGS
PUBLIC BUILDINGS INCLUDED BASILICAS, WHERE JUSTICE WAS ADMINISTERED
THERE WERE TEMPLES TO GODS AND GODDESSES
PUBLIC BATHS WERE ALSO MEETING PLACES
THERE WERE ALSO BUILDINGS FOR ENTERTAINMENT
GLADIATOR COMBATS TOOK PLACE IN AMPHITHEATRES
CHARIOT RACES IN CIRCUSES
THERE WERE SHOWS IN THEATRES

13. BUILDINGS FOR ENTERTAINMENT
AMPHITHEATRE
CIRCUS
THEATRE

14. OTHER BUILDINGS
TEMPLE
ARCH

15. There were two main type of private houses
DOMUS
INSULAE
They were shared buildings with many small apartments. There were often shops and workshops on the ground floor
This type was a house for a single wealthy family. Its rooms surrounded an atrium or indoor courtyard

16. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
IN MANY WAYS, ROMAN ARCHITECTURE WAS LIKE GREEK ARCHITECTURE, BUT THERE WERE SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES
ROMAN ARCHICTECTURE WAS MONUMENTAL, AND ON A LARGER SCALE THAN GREEK ARCHITECTURE
THE ROMANS HAD VERY PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES. THEY CARRIED OUT GREAT GREAT ENGINEERING WORKS LIKE AQUEDUCTS, ROADS AND BRIDGES
UNLIKE THE GREEKS, THE ROMANS USED ARCHES AND VAULTS
THEY USED STONE FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, AS DID THE GREEKS. ALSO BRICK AND CEMENT
THEY INVENTED NEW ORDERS, AS WELL AS USING THE GREEK ORDERS

17. ROMAN SCULPTURE
MANY WORKS OF ART WERE COPIES OF GREEK ORIGINALS. THANKS TO THAY WE HAVE THOSE MASTERPIECES
ROMANS CREATED MORE REALISTIC PORTRAITS THAN THE GREEKS, AND WERE LESS INTERESTED IN IDEAL BEAUTY
ESTATUA BARBERINI
MARCUS AURELIUS
EQUESTRIAN STATUES WERE USED TO HONOUR EMPERORS AND GENERALS
THEY ALSO CREATED RELIEFS, WHICH SHOWED IMPORTANT EVENTS.
TROJAN´S COLUMN

18. PAINTINGS AND MOSAICS
PAINTINGS DECORATED THE WALLS OF PALACES AND THE HOUSES OF WEALTHY PEOPLE. MOST OF THE TECHNIQUE WAS DONE USING THE SECCO OR “DRY” METHOD, ALTHOUGH SOME PAINTINGS DID USE THE FRESCO METHOD.
THE MAIN INNOVATION OF ROMAN PAINTING COMPARED TO GREEK ART WAS THE INTRODUCTION OF IN THEIR DRAWINGS

19. MOSSAICS
THEY WERE MADE O TINY SQUARE PIECES OF STONE, GLASS OR TILE. THEY DECORATED FLOORS WITH SCENES SHOWING DAILY LIFE, WAR OR RELIGION

20. ROMAN RELIGION
ROMAN RELIGION WAS POLITHEISTIC. MANY ROMAN GODS AND GODDESSES WERE ORIGINALLY GREEK, AND RECEIVED LATIN NAMES
THE ROMANS WORSHIPPED THE LARES AND PENATES, WHO WERE HOUSEHOLD GODS. THEY ALSO BELIEV ED IN THE MANES, WHO WERE THE SPIRITS OF THEIR ANCESTORS.
THEY WERE SUPERSTITIOUS AND CONSULTED THE GODS BEFORE THEY TOOK IMPORTANT DECISIONS. SOME EMPERORS WERE CONSIDERED GODS, ADN TEMPLES WERE BUILT IN THEIR HONOUR

21. THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE WARS AGAINST THE GERMANIC PEOPLE INCREASED THE INFLUENCE OF THE ARMY. THE EMPEROR BEGAN TO RELY MORE ON , WHO WER NOT UNDER HIS CONTROL
POLITICS
IN THE 3RD CENTURY AD, THE ROMAN EMPIRE ENTERED A CRISIS
THE ROMAN EXPANSION HAD ENDED, THERE WERE FEWER SLAVES TO WORK IN MINING AND AGRICULTURE. THERE WAS A FALL IN PRODUCTION AND TRADE
ECONOMY
URBAN LIFE DECLINED. THE EMPIRE INCREASED TAXES, AND MANY PEOPLE LEFT THE CITIES BECAUSE THEY COULD NOT PAY THEM. THEY WENT TO WORK ON VILLAS (COUNTRY HOMES FOR RICH PEOPLE THAT BECOME FARMS)
SOCIETY

22. CHRISTIANITY
DURING THE 3RD CENTURY AD, CHRISTIANITY SPREAD THROUGH THE EMPIRE. THE CHRISTIANS REFUSED TO WORSHIP THE EMPEROR OR SERVE IN THE ROMAN ARMY. THEY WERE PERSECUTED, AND PRACTISED THEIR RELIGION IN PRIVATE HOMES, OR UNDERGROUND PASSAGEWAYS CALLED CATACOMBS
IN THE 1ST CENTURY AD, THE FOLLOWERS OF JESUS OF NAZARETH FOUNDED CHRISTIANITY
THIS WAS A MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION, SO CHRISTIANS BELIVIED IN ONLY ONE GOD
ACCORDING TO CHRISTIANITY, PEOPLE SHOULD LOVE EACH OTHER, AND WOULD RECEIVE ETERNAL LIFE IF THEY FOLLOWED THEIR RELIGION
IN 313 AD, THE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE ALLOWED RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. IN 380 AD, THE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS MADE CHRISTIANITY THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE EMPIRE

23. THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS
FROM THE 3RD CENTURY AD, THERE WERE MANY INVASIONS BY GERMANIC PEOPLE
THE ROMANS CALLED THESE PEOPLE BARBARIANS, OR FOREIGNERS
THEIR MIGRATIONS WERE CAUSED BY:
POPULATION GROWHT, WHICH MADE THEM LOOK FOR NEW AREAS TO SETTLE
THE PRESSURE FROM OTHER PEOPLE FURTHER EAST, WHICH FORCED THEM TO MIGRATE TOWARDS THE WEST AND SOUTH
THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE ENDEND IN THE 5TH CENTURY (476 AD WITH ROMULUS AUGUSTUS)
ROME WAS NOW TOO WEAK TO RESIST, SO ROMAN EMPERORS MADE A SERIES OF AGREEMENTS WITH GERMAN CHIEFTAINS. THEY OFFERED THEM SOME LANDS

24. THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS

25. THE BIZANTINE EMPIRE
IN 395 AD THE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS DIVIDED THE ROMAN EMPIRE BETWEEN HIS TWO SONS. ROME REMAINED THE CAPITAL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE AND CONSTANTINOPLE BECAME CAPITAL OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE
THE EASTERN EMPIRE SURVIVED THE INVASIONS AND BECAME KNOWN AS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. BYZANTIUM WAS THE NAME OF A GREEK COLONY WHERE THE CONSTANTINOPLE WAS FOUNDED
BYZANTINE CIVILISATION WAS INFLUENCED BY GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURE, AND GREEK WAS ITS OFFICIAL LANGUAGE. UNDER EMPEOR JUSTINIAN ( AD) BYZANTIUM RECONQUERED PART OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE