1. Map of the Greek world c.250 BCE.

2. Writing (7 th century BCE) Coinage (7 th century BCE) Democracy (c. 510 BCE) Mathematics (c. 585 BCE) ‘Greek inventions’ in popular history

5. Greek Mathematicians (early) 585 BCE Thales (no writings, doubtful) 530 BCE Pythagoras (no writings, probably historical, not necessarily a mathematician) 450 BCE Democritus (no writings – ‘atomist’ - infinitely small ideas?) 440 BCE Hippocrates of Chios (no writings. One ‘proof’. Said to have written Elements) 390 BCE Plato. Dialogues, several containing mathematical discussions. 370 BCE Eudoxus, no writings, but said to be responsible for Euclid Book V 360 BCE Aristotle. Many books, several containing mathematical discussions; in particular rules of logical deduction. 300 BCE Euclid. Elements, and several other works. All the dates are approximate at best; most of the information is unreliable. For an assessment of what we actually ‘know’ see e.g. David Fowler’s book.

6. Papyrus from Egypt (about 75-125 CE?) with some of Euclid ’ s Proposition II.5

7. Euclid I.47 ( ‘ Pythagoras ’ Theorem ’ )from a ninth-century manuscript in the Vatican, Rome.

8. The picture for Pythagoras ’ theorem