1. The Standard, RNG, and Realizable k- Models

2. The major differences in the models are as follows: the method of calculating turbulent viscosity the turbulent Prandtl numbers governing the turbulent diffusion of k and the generation and destruction terms in the equation

3. i-the transport equations, ii-methods of calculating turbulent viscosity, and iii-) model constants are presented separately for each model.

4. The following features are almost same. i-turbulent production, ii- generation due to buoyancy, iii-accounting for the effects of compressibility, iv-modeling heat and mass transfer.

5. Standart k-ε Model In the derivation of the k- model, it was assumed that the flow is fully turbulent, and the effects of molecular viscosity are negligible. The standard k- model is therefore valid only for fully turbulent flows.

6. The turbulent kinetic energy, k, and its rate of dissipation, ε

7. Gk represents the generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to the mean velocity gradients. Gb is the generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to buoyancy. YM represents the contribution of the fluctuating dilatation in compressible turbulence to the overall dissipation rate.

9. These default values have been determined from experiments with air and water for fundamental turbulent shear flows including homogeneous shear flows and decaying isotropic grid turbulence. !!! They have been found to work fairly well for a wide range of wall-bounded and free shear flows.

10. The RNG k-ε Model instantaneous Navier- Stokes equations, using a mathematical technique called ``renormalization group''

11. The quantities α k and α ε are the inverse effective Prandtl numbers for k and, respectively.

12. Modeling the effective viscosity

13. Equation is integrated to obtain an accurate description of how the effective turbulent transport varies with the effective Reynolds number (or eddy scale), allowing the model to better handle low- Reynolds-number and near-wall flows.

14. In the high-Reynolds-number limit, this equation gives

15. RNG Swirl Modification Turbulence, in general, is affected by rotation or swirl in the mean flow. The RNG model provides an option to account for the effects of swirl or rotation by modifying the turbulent viscosity

19. The main difference between the RNG and standard k- models lies in the additional term in the equation given by

22. In rapidly strained flows, the RNG model yields a lower turbulent viscosity than the standard k- model

23. Thus, the RNG model is more responsive to the effects of rapid strain and streamline curvature than the standard k- model, which explains the superior performance of the RNG model for certain classes of flows.

24. The Realizable k- Model In addition to the standard and RNG-based k-ε models described there is also the so called realizable k- ε model. The term ``realizable'' means that the model satisfies certain mathematical constraints on the normal stresses, consistent with the physics of turbulent flows.

25. To understand this, consider combining the Boussinesq relationship and the eddy viscosity definition to obtain the following expression for the normal Reynolds stress in an in compressible strained mean flow:

27. The well-known round-jet anomaly (named based on the finding that the spreading rate in planar jets is predicted reasonably well, but prediction of the spreading rate for axisymmetric jets (round) is unexpectedly poor) is considered to be mainly due to the modeled dissipation equation.

28. The realizable k- model was intended to address these deficiencies:

30. the form of the equation is quite different from those in the standard and RNG-based k- models.

32. ii- Another desirable feature is that the destruction term does not have any singularity; i.e., its denominator never vanishes, even if k vanishes or becomes smaller than zero. This feature is contrasted with traditional k- models, which have a singularity due to k in the denominator.

33. Realizable k-ε model has been extensively validated for a wide range of flows rotating homogeneous shear flows, free flows jets and mixing layers, channel and boundary layer flows, and separated flows.

34. For all these cases, the performance of the model has been found to be substantially better than that of the standard k- model. Especially noteworthy is the fact that the realizable k- model resolves the round-jet anomaly; i.e., it predicts the spreading rate for axisymmetric jets as well as that for planar jets.

35. Effects of Buoyancy on Turbulence in the k- Models When a nonzero gravity field and temperature gradient are present

37. It can be seen from the transport equations for k that turbulent kinetic energy tends to be augmented (Gb > 0) in unstable stratification.

38. For stable stratification, buoyancy tends to suppress the turbulence (Gb < 0).

39. The effects of buoyancy on the generation of k are always included when you have both a nonzero gravity field and a nonzero temperature (or density) gradient. While the buoyancy effects on the generation of k are relatively well understood, the effect on is less clear.

41. v is the component of the flow velocity parallel to the gravitational vector and u is the component of the flow velocity perpendicular to the gravitational vector. In this way, will become 1 for buoyant shear layers for which the main flow direction is aligned with the direction of gravity. For buoyant shear layers that are perpendicular to the gravitational vector, will become zero.