1. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner Investigations on vegetable oil conversion by deoxygenation and cracking for the use as alternative biofuels International Conference on Technology Transfer and Renewable Energy 2012 21 - 22 June 2012, Mauritius Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner

2. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner 1.Introduction and background 2.Conversion of vegetable oil (VO) into liquid hydrocarbons 3.Properties of cracked vegetable oil (CVO) 4.Achievements and outlook Agenda 2 Diesel fuel Vegetable oil

3. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner Introduction and background 3 (World Energy Agency, 2011) (Senol, O. I., et al., 2005) (Huber, G.W., et al., 2006)

4. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner Thermal conversion of vegetable oils (VO) into biofuels 4 1 st Generation of VO-Biofuels Transesterification 2 nd Generation of VO-Biofuels a) Pyrolysis or b) Hydroprocessing One step processes (state of the art): Biodiesel = FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) NERD (Non-Ester Renewable Diesel)

5. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner HUAS approach for the conversion of vegetable oil 5 1 st Step: Thermal conversion of VO to CVO - Deoxygenation, cracking 2 nd Step: Upgrading, - Fractionation, hydrogenation Conversion of vegetable oil into NERD through two step processing Aims: Production of a chemically identical diesel fuel (NERD) Collection of kinetic data to simulate the thermal conversion Reduction of the process energy demand Design of a local concept for fuel production

6. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner Research project 6 Vegetable oil CVO Conversion of VO into CVO →Investigation of converting VO in CVO under ambient pressure without catalyst at high temperatures →CVO =Unique product, produced via reactive distillation 1st step: Thermal cracking & Deoxygenation Pure hydrocarbons 2nd step: Fractionation, Hydroprocessing

7. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner 7 1 st step: Experimental test plant for VO conversion 1 st step

8. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner Vegetable oil Energy content (LHV) 37.0 MJ/kg HUAS test plant HUAS test plant 70-80 wt-% CVO Energy content (LHV) 40.5 to 41.5 MJ/kg 8 Yield of cracked vegetable oil (CVO) 1 st step Diesel fuel Energy content (LHV) 42.5 MJ/kg (2 nd step)

9. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner Distillation ranges 9 Analysis: Experimental study with vegetable oil

10. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner CVO compared to DIN EN 590 (Diesel) V047 10 Analysis: Experimental study with vegetable oil DIN EN 590CVO rapeseed oil CVO palm oil Unit Cetane numbermin. 5161.758- Density (15 °C)820-845843.2799.6kg/m³ Ash contentmax. 0.01<0.001 wt% Corrosion on CuGroup 1 Corrosion cat. Oxidation stabilitymax. 2531g/m³ Lubicitymax. 460295249µm Viscosity (40 °C)2.0-4.53.82.2mm²/s Flash pointmin. 552122°C Acid numbern.s.6833mg KOH/g Distilled at 250 °Cmax. 652537vol.-% Distilled at 350 °Cmin. 858496vol.-% Distillation of 95 %max. 360373346°C CVO needs further treatment for the use as pure biofuel

11. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner Adaption of the distillation range  Cut-off the low boiling substances via distillation  Cut -off the high boiling substances via vacuum distillation Hydroprocessing experiments  Two new high pressure/temperature reactors (autoclaves) Application  Motor test and collecting physical data as diesel blend or alternative diesel 11 Upgrading

12. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner Achievements  Characterization of CVO from VO  Generation of a kinetic model for the deoxygenation reactions Outlook Experimental work  Creation of a higher amount of data to evaluate  Optimization of the kinetic model Upgrading projects  Adaption of the distillation range  Hydroprocessing experiments Application: Motor tests 12 Achievements and outlook

13. Faculty of Life Sciences | Department Process Engineering Dipl.-Ing. Christian Augustin, M.Sc. | Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Willner Thank you for your attention! 13 Contact: christian.augustin@haw-hamburg.de