1. Invisible Children of Uganda

2. Lord’s Resistance Army Minors make up almost 90% of LRA’s army (as young as eight years old) Minors make up almost 90% of LRA’s army (as young as eight years old) Led by Joseph Kony Led by Joseph Kony Abduction, Rape, Maiming, Killing civilians Abduction, Rape, Maiming, Killing civilians Aim: Overthrow the Ugandan government Aim: Overthrow the Ugandan government “The LRA rebels say they are fighting for the establishment of a government based on the biblical Ten Commandments. They are notorious for kidnapping children and forcing them to become rebel fighters or concubines.” “The LRA rebels say they are fighting for the establishment of a government based on the biblical Ten Commandments. They are notorious for kidnapping children and forcing them to become rebel fighters or concubines.”

3. Children of Uganda Leave home every night to walk to major towns Leave home every night to walk to major towns Night commuters: sleep under verandas, in schools, hospital courtyards, and bus parking places Night commuters: sleep under verandas, in schools, hospital courtyards, and bus parking places More than 30,000 children have been abducted to be soldiers, or “wives” of rebels. More than 30,000 children have been abducted to be soldiers, or “wives” of rebels.

4. United States and Somalia 1992-1994

6. Crisis in Somalia United Nations facilitated aid to those trapped by civil war and famine United Nations facilitated aid to those trapped by civil war and famine No central government; banditry No central government; banditry Clan warfare during a drought Clan warfare during a drought Citizens were threatened with starvation, malnutrition, and related diseases Citizens were threatened with starvation, malnutrition, and related diseases UN imposed complete arms embargo on Somalia UN imposed complete arms embargo on Somalia

7. The Situation Cease-fire to be overseen by UN Cease-fire to be overseen by UN UN were to provide food and non-food supplies, seeds, basic health care, and water supply UN were to provide food and non-food supplies, seeds, basic health care, and water supply Relief organizations were hijacked, looted, and detained Relief organizations were hijacked, looted, and detained

8. U.S. Involvement Operation Restore Hope: President George H.W. Bush Operation Restore Hope: President George H.W. Bush U.S. to take lead of creating a secure environment U.S. to take lead of creating a secure environment U.S. secured major airports, seaports U.S. secured major airports, seaports Provided security for relief organizations and supply convoys Provided security for relief organizations and supply convoys U.S. soldiers attacked by warring clans U.S. soldiers attacked by warring clans Officially withdrew by March 1994 Officially withdrew by March 1994

9. Kurds

10. Anfal Campaign in Iraqi Kurdistan Occurred in 1988 Occurred in 1988 50,000-100,000 estimated to have been killed 50,000-100,000 estimated to have been killed What is a Kurd? What is a Kurd? –Ethnic-Iranian group Mustard and Nerve gas were dropped on the city of Halabja. Mustard and Nerve gas were dropped on the city of Halabja. Homes were looted and women were raped Homes were looted and women were raped Survivors left to Iran and were placed in refugee camps Survivors left to Iran and were placed in refugee camps