1. Details on Organic Chemistry Your assignment is to read, annotate, identify questions, “a-ha!” thoughts, etc on this handout… And know this information!

2. Organic Chemistry Condensation (dehydration) synthesis –Reaction that joins 2 monomers together –1 gives up an H; other gives up an OH –Creates “sticky ends” so the monomers can attach covalently & creates a molecule of water Hydrolysis reaction –Reaction that breaks bond between 2 monomers –Adds the OH back to 1 monomer & the H back to the other

3. Glucose Structure

4. Dehydration synthesis

5. Organic Chemistry Carbohydrates Made up of C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio (always!) Function: energy storage & structure

6. Organic Chemistry Carbohydrates Monosaccharides –Simple sugars, monomers –Ex: Glucose, fructose, etc –Have hydroxyl & carbonyl group Disaccharides –Double sugar-2 monomers –Ex: Lactose, Sucrose(used to make table sugar) Polysaccharides –String of monosacchrides joined through condensation reaction –Used for energy storage & building material –Ex: glycogen, starch, cellulose,

7. Organic Chemistry Proteins Monomer –Amino acid Functions –Structural (collagen, keratin) –Functional (hormones, enzymes, antibodies, receptors, transport, storage)

8. Organic Chemistry Amino Acid Structure C skeleton + 4 parts –Hydrogen –Radical group (R group) –COOH (carboxyl) group –Amine group Only 20 amino acids necessary for life –Same 20 make up all the proteins on earth

9. Organic Chemistry Polypeptides String of amino acids –Held together by peptide bonds Polypeptides are proteins Each protein has a specific shape –Shape is directly related to function

10. Proteins: Levels of Organization Primary structure –Sequence of amino acids Secondary structure –Chain starts to coil/fold into patterns –α helix, β pleated sheet –Maintained by H bonds Tertiary structure –3-D shape –Globular-combination of coils & folds –Fibrous-all coils –Maintained by covalent bonds Quaternary structure –Combination of peptides Denaturation –Irreversible change in shape –Destroys/damages function –Salt concentration, pH, excessive heat

11. Organic Chemistry Lipids Made up of C, H, & O Hydrophobic-don’t dissolve in water 3 functions –Energy storage, structural, metabolic Fats –Animals, solid at room temp –Made up of a Glycerol & fatty acid chains (1-3) Oils –Plants, liquid at room temp

12. Organic Chemistry Lipids Fatty Acid –Carboxyl head is polar & hydrophilic –Hydrocarbon tail is nonpolar & hydrophobic Saturated-only single bonds –Line up close together –Solids at room temp –Most animal fat Unsaturated-have double or triple bonds –Can’t line up closely –Liquid at room temp –Healthier –Ex: corn, olive, & vegetable oils CH 2 CH 3 H2OH2O HH HH OH H HO CO C CC Fatty acid Glycerol H HH HH CH 2 OO O CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 3 CCC O OO CC C H

13. Organic Chemistry Structural Lipids Phospholipids –Creates cell membranes Hydrophobic interior –Repels aqueous solutions Hydrophilic exterior –Orients towards aqueous solutions

14. Organic Chemistry Metabolic Lipids Cholesterol –Precurser to estrogen, testosterone –Found in animal cell membranes Steroids (4 rings) –Anabolic steroids-synthetic testosterone; build up tissue –Catabolic steroids-tear down tissue/molecules

15. Organic Chemistry Soaps Polar end –Hydrophilic Non-polar end –Hydrophobic Non-polar end grabs the lipid, polar end grabs water –Lipid is dispersed in the water (emulsification)

16. Organic Chemistry Nucleic Acids Function –Information storage Monomer –Nucleotide –3 parts to a nucleotide 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose, ribose) Phosphate Nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, & uracil

17. Organic Chemistry DNA Found only in nucleus 5 carbon sugar is deoxyribose Double stranded –Strands held together by H bonds Contains genes you inherit from your parents –Information for amino acid sequence

18. Organic Chemistry RNA Found in both nucleus & cytoplasm –Carries genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm for protein synthesis 5 carbon sugar is ribose Single strand

19. Organic Chemistry ATP Adenosine triphosphate Structure (similar to RNA) –5 carbon sugar is ribose –3 phosphate groups –Nitrogen base (adenine) Stores/transports energy in unstable bonds between phosphate groups 3 phosphates are crowded, like a compressed spring- unstable

20. Making ATP Phosphorylation –Added a phosphate to a molecule –How ATP is made –Add a phosphate to ADP ATP synthase –H+ ions are pumped across the cell membrane to create gradient –Diffusion moves H+ back across through ATP synthase STP synthase spins like a door, which creates ATP

21. Organic Chemistry ADP & AMP ADP –Adenosine diphosphate –Same as above → 2 phosphate groups AMP –Adenosine monophosphate –Same as above → 1 phosphate group

22. Chemical Reactions Reactants ↔ Products Activation Energy –Energy required to start reaction Endothermic –Energy required to drive reaction –Usually anabolic (forms bonds) –Ex: photosynthesis Exothermic –Energy released from reaction –Usually catabolic (breaks bonds) –Ex: cellular respiration

23. Redox Reactions Oxidation –loses electrons Reduction –gains electrons

24. Catalysts Speed up rate of reaction by lowering activation energy Are not changed during the reaction Used over & over again