1. Lesson for 2-10:
Today you will learn how combining clauses can vary your sentence structure.

2. Today’s Grammar Lesson:
First, the bad news. . .
There are billions of sentences out there that we might have to understand.
Next, the good news. . .
All sentences fall into just four structures:
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
Complex Sentence
Compound-Complex Sentence
Because you know clauses, you can form all four sentence structures.

3. Quick Reference Chart…DC
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound - Complex 1 2+ 1 1+ 2+ 1+

4. Simple Sentence A sentence with one independent clause.
Note what the definition does not say. It doesn't say that a simple sentence is short or easy to understand. It doesn't say anything about phrases. A simple sentence can have forty-seven phrases, but only one independent clause.

5. Simple Sentence Let's look at an example: Look at this:
I love simple sentences.
That's easy enough. It is obviously one independent clause.
Look at this:
I love to read simple sentences upon getting up and before going to bed.
Amazingly, it's still a simple sentence. I am piling on phrases, but the sentence still contains only one independent clause.

6. A Compound Sentence…
contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS).
Example:
IC CC IC
I love conjunctive adverbs, but my students love video games.
The independent clauses are in green. This sentence contains no dependent clauses.
Don’t forget the comma!

7. Sometimes a compound sentence…
contains two independent clauses joined with a semicolon.
IC IC
Example: I love conjunctive adverbs; my students love video games.

8. Sometimes a compound sentence…
uses a conjunctive adverb to link two independent clauses: IC
Example: I can name several conjunctive adverbs; consequently, my friends are impressed.

9. Conjunctive Adverbs also indeed otherwise anyway instead still besides
likewise
then
consequently
meanwhile
therefore
finally
moreover
thus
furthermore
nevertheless
however
next
incidentally
nonetheless

10. Proper Punctuation:
How do you punctuate a compound sentence that uses a conjunctive adverb?
We should leave early otherwise we will miss the start of the movie.
CORRECT: We should leave early; otherwise, we will miss the start of the movie.

11. A Complex Sentence…
contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clause.
DC IC
Example: Because life is complex, we need complex sentences.
DC DC
Example: Because people know that I am an English teacher, they make allowances for how I dress and what I say.
IC DC DC
This sentence contains four dependent clauses indicated by pink italics.
Two of the dependent clauses are inside of and part of the independent clause. Don't be alarmed. That happens all the time.

12. A Compound – Complex sentence..
Contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Example:
DC IC
Because I am an English teacher, some people expect me to speak perfectly, and other people expect me to write perfectly. IC

13. A Compound – Complex sentence..
Example:
IC DC
Some people tell me that my grading is too tough, and others tell me that my assignments are boring IC DC
Note that the dependent clauses occur within the independent clauses. It often happens.

14. Homework for 2-10:
Complete the two practice sections in your notes. Then check your answers on the following slides. You need to show you checked your answers by writing corrections in a different color.

15. Before the next practice section, a review…
Compound = two
Compound subject = two subjects
He and I love grammar. (IC)
Compound predicate = two predicates
Grammar has been and will be my hardest subject. (IC)

16. What kind of sentence is it?
S = simple CD = compound CX = complex CC = compound-complex
Americans eat more bananas than they eat any other fruit.
Jimmy Kimmel and Jimmy Fallon host late-night talk shows.
Even though the sun is a star, it knows how to change back to the sun in the daytime.
I planned to drive to work, but I couldn't until the mechanic repaired my car.
My twelve-month-old son toasts and butters his bagel.
Mushrooms grow in damp places, so they look like tiny umbrellas.
Many dead animals of the past changed to oil while others preferred to be gas.
Parallel lines never meet until you bend one of them.
The largest mammals are found in the sea; there's nowhere else to put them.
When the heat comes, the lakes dry up, and farmers know the crops will fail.

17. Answers: Key: green = independent clause pink = dependent clause
purple = coordinating conjunction
CX Americans eat more bananas than they eat any other fruit.
S Jimmy Kimmel and Jimmy Fallon host late-night talk shows.
CX Even though the sun is a star, it knows how to change back to the sun in the daytime.
CC I planned to drive to work, but I couldn't until the mechanic repaired my car.
S My twelve-month-old son toasts and butters his bagel.
CD Mushrooms grow in damp places, so they look like tiny umbrellas.
CX Many dead animals of the past changed to oil while others preferred to be gas.
CX Parallel lines never meet until you bend one of them.
CD The largest mammals are found in the sea; there's nowhere else to put them.
CC When the heat comes, the lakes dry up, and farmers know the crops will fail.

18. What kind of sentence is it?
IC , coordinating conjunction IC.
IC.
DC, IC , coordinating conjunction IC.
IC ; IC.
IC ; conjunctive adverb, IC.
IC DC.
DC , IC.

19. Answers: COMPOUND IC , coordinating conjunction IC. SIMPLE IC.
3. COMPOUND- DC, IC , coordinating conjunction IC.
COMPLEX
4. COMPOUND IC ; IC.
5. COMPOUND IC ; conjunctive adverb, IC.
6. COMPLEX IC DC.
7. COMPLEX DC , IC.