1. The End of WWI

2. Focus Question To ensure that war does not break out again, which of the following should be the priority after the war has ended: (1) punish the losers of the war, or (2) address the issues that caused the war? Explain your answer

3. Setting the Scene… January to June 1918 @ Palace of Versailles The Big Four Woodrow Wilson (USA) European Powers Georges Clemenceau (France) David Lloyd George (England) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Russia NOT there b/c of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

4. Woodrow Wilson “Peace w/o Victory” 14 Points (Moral Diplomacy) LEAGUE OF NATIONS Open Trade No Secret Diplomacy Freedom of the Seas Reduction of Arms Self-Determination for ALL countries

5. European Powers Treaty Agenda Germany MUST be held responsible Buffer Zone between France & Germany Germany pay REPARATIONS Control over Germany’s colonies & lost land

6. Treaty of Versailles Punishment of Germany Must admit total blame of WWI Required to pay total cost of WWI (around $300 billion) Must limit size of army & naval fleet given to Allies Germany colonies divided among Allies

7. Treaty of Versailles Other Territorial Changes Austria-Hungary divided into 4 Nations Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, & Czechoslovakia Five Independent Nations Created along German-Russian Border Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

8. Treaty of Versailles International Organization Established League of Nations: members were obligated in helping each other against aggressive nations World Court: Mediate disputes between nations

9. …NOT Covered Secret Treaties Treaty meetings behind closed doors Freedom of the Seas Free Trade Besides Germany, no one was required to reduce size of militaries

10. Aftermath… US Senate denies the Treaty of Versailles Wilson appeals to the people Speaking Tour Has stroke US enters new treaty agreement with Germany Never joins League of Nations